BOAS] HANDBOOK OF IKDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 103 



Type 4. Verb-stem v^ + ci + v); aorist v + c-{-v + i. Verbs of this 

 type are intransitive, the -i-, though confined to the aorist, being 

 evidently in some way connected with the intransitive character. 

 That it is really a derivative element characteristic of the aorist is 

 shown by its conduct in transitive forms derived from the intransitive. 

 In the causative in -n- it drops out: 



VsLga^na'^n I make him cry 

 while in certain other transitive derivatives it is preserved: 



Vagaryagwa^^n I cry having it 

 The contradiction in treatment is here only apparent, as the absence 

 or presence of the -i- would seem to depend not so much on the 

 transitive or intransitive form of the verb as on whether the action 

 expressed by the verb is logically transitive or not (in a causative the 

 action is necessarily directed toward an object, in a comitative the 

 formal object is not concerned in the action of the verb at all) . Types 

 4a and 4& may properly be considered subclasses of Types 2 and 1 

 respectively, though it should be noted that the -i- occurs nowhere 

 except in one special tense — the aorist. Examples of Type 4a are: 



Verb-stem Aorist stem 



je'ufe^ I shall return (92.24) jeweife' I returned (58.9,13) 



p!ak'(Ze« I shall bathe (58.5; 118.7) plagaife^ I bathed 58.2 



Vak'de^ I shall cry (29.11) t'agai^'e^ I cried (29.13; 62.2) 



na'fe^ (irregular) I shall say, do 196.5 nagaif e^Isaid,did 126.3;180.1 



Even less numerous are the examples of 4b that have been found: 



Verl3-stem Aorist stem 



lohoY dead (98.10; 170.1; 186.21) lohor^-' I died 184.18 

 lehe^f drifting dead to land lehe''^ he drifted dead to land 



75.5 



The aorist of verbs of Type 4 regularly have the rising accent on 

 the i- dipthong formed by the repeated stem vowel and the i- suffix. 

 The stressed stem-vowel of forms built on the verb-stem regularly 

 has the rising (4a) or raised accent (second vowel of 4b). na-, which 

 is irregular also in other respects, has a short vowel in the verb-stem 

 and takes the raised accent in non-aorist forms under appropriate 

 conditions (naY saying; na'' say it!). 



Type 5. Verb-stem v + c + i^; aorist v^ + c. This tj^pe of verb is 

 morphologically very difficult to understand, as it is in effect the very 

 opposite of Type 2. Morphologically yana- go : t.'an- hold = yd"n- : 



§ 40 



