BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 113 



The verb-stem of the last example seems at first sight identical with 

 the aorist stem, but the second i is to be explained as a connective 

 element similar to the i of le^wilau- above (see under Type 12) ; 

 yiwiyawa'^s is thus developed from a theoretical ^yiwyawa'^s. 



The verb Va^'p'Vab- above illustrates a slightly divergent subtype 

 of Type 13a. If the final consonant of the stem is a fortis, it appears 

 as a non-fortis (voiceless media or aspirated surd according to the 

 phonetic circumstances) when repeated. This phenomenon is best 

 explained as an example of catch dissimilation; *¥ap!a¥ap!-, i. e., 

 Tc a^h^dk' a^¥- is dissimilated to Jc'a^h^a¥ab-, Tcaplalcab- (see § 22). 

 In non-aorist forms, where the fortis becomes a syllabic final, it 

 naturally gives way to the equivalent catch aspirated surd. Further 

 examples of this subtype are : 



Verb-stem Aorist stem 



i;-sgo'^t'sgidm I shall cut them ^-sgot!o'sgidi^7^ I cut them one 



one after another (21,2,4) after another (144.2,3) 



ha-^-gwen-jvi'^t'jidin I shall Tia-u-gweii-jwV.Viyidi^n I gob- 

 gobble them all down bled them all down (126.10) 



a;a-^^-sgi'^p'sgib^7^ I shall cut xa-H-s,gv^\i'sgihi^n I cut them 



them through (21.2) through (22.9; 138.7) 



haf^-t'e^W&fxdaP' { = -tag-x-) 6a«-t'ek!e't'aa; they all bobbed 



they will all bob up up 



&a-'i-(Zi^-t'ga'^st'ga'^s stick out 6a-^-(i^^-t'gats!a't'gis^^7lIstuck 



your anus! 164.19; 166.1,6 out my anus (166.8) 



In regard to vocalic quantity it will be noticed that both the stem 

 vowel and the repeated vowel are generally short. Comparatively 

 few cases are found with long stem-vowel in non-aorist forms Qie^- 

 gwagw-, swViswal-, sgo^H' sgad-) . Indeed the shortness of the vowel 

 of the verb-stem is about the only mark of difference between verb- 

 stems of Type 13 and aorist stems of Type 12. Thus: 



l-s'wi'ls'wal (non-aorist of Type 13) tear it to pieces!; but l-s'wlH- 

 s'lvaH (aorist of Type 12) he tore it (with one tear) 

 A few verbs allow the repeated vowel, particularly in third personal 

 forms, to be long; when stressed, as it generally is, it has a falling 

 accent. Besides ts'Unl'Hs'Ianx- (also ts'H'niHs-lanx- or ts' !i' nits' !anx- 

 190.19), may be mentioned: 



gwen-Tiegwe'^TiagwanJii he related it to him 57.9; cf. 59.6 



p!ulu'^p!alhi they marched in single file 192.3 

 In non-aorist forms the vowel, if long and stressed, takes the ris- 

 ing accent; before a glottal catch, however, we regularly have the 

 3045°— Bull. 40, pt 2—12 8 § 40 



