BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 127 



ever the object is not of the third person, in reciprocals, in 

 reflexives, and in verbs with non-agentive -x-: 



swedefgixi he followed me 



da°'-miniVd\xhi he taught you 



yowo'^^snixhi^n I cause you to start (but parallel yowo'HsIanxbi^n 



with connecting a) 

 waydnhixhi^n I put you to sleep; walnhixigam I was put to 



sleep 

 i-JcIus'Us'gixi he keeps pinching me ; %-Tc!us'gi'xinY he will pinch 



me 

 i-tlene'Msdam you hold me 86.13,14. 

 %-lasgVxanfp' touch one another! 

 i-lesgi'¥ivif touching himself 

 hd^-f eklelhixde^ I keep bobbing up (60.11,13,14) 



§ 43. FREQUENT ATI VES AND USITATIVES 



Frequentatives, continuatives, and usitatives are formed from sim- 

 pler verb forms in great part by various methods of repetition of all 

 or part of the phonetic material of the stem, to a somewhat less 

 extent by means of suffixation. In many repetitive forms a distinct 

 tendency to use a long vowel provided mth a rising pitch-accent is 

 observable. As it has not been found feasible to draw anything like 

 sharp lines between the exact significations of the various repetitive 

 forms, it seems best to dispose of the material from a purely formal 

 point of viev/ rather than to attempt to classify it rigidly into fre- 

 quentatives, iteratives, usitatives, and continuatives. The methods 

 of forming repetitives will be taken up in order. 



1 . Type 13 of Stem- Formation. It was remarked before that 

 most verbs of this type normally employed in that form are such 

 as to imply a repetition of the action they express. The type 

 may, moreover, be freely formed from bases implying non-repetitive 

 action whenever it is desired to convey a general frequentative or 

 usitative meaning. The frequentative idea may have reference 

 to the repetition of the act itself (iterative or usitative) or to the 

 plurality of the transitive object or intransitive subject affected 

 (distributive) ; any sharp characterization of the manner of the 

 frequentative action in each case is, however, doubtless artificial 

 apart from the context. The following examples of repetitive with 

 corresponding non-repetitive forms will illustrate the general fre- 

 quentative force: 



§ 43 



