BOAB] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TA^ELMA 135 



TRANSITIVE SUFFIXES (§§ 44-61) 



§ 44. General Remarks 



Under this head may be conveniently listed a number of sufiixes 

 that either transitivize intransitives (causative, comitative, indirective 

 -amd-, -aid-) or are characteristic of transitive verbs (indirective 

 -s- = -^x- TO, indirective -an (an) -FOR, indirect reflexive). It must be 

 confessed, however, that the various suflixes may be so thoroughly 

 interwoven among themselves and with the purely formal elements 

 that follow, that a certain amount of arbitrariness can hardly be 

 avoided in treating of them. The suffixes will now be taken up in 

 order. 



§ 45. Causative -{a)n- 



Causatives are formed from intransitives by the addition of -n- 

 to the intransitive form, minus, of course, its formal pronominal ele- 

 ments. If the final sound preceding the -n- is a vowel, the sufiix can 

 be directly appended, the vowel being generally lengthened; a final 

 consonant (or semivowel), however, generally, though not always, 

 requires a connective -a- {-i when umlauted) between it and the suffix; 

 doublets (with and \\4thout connective -a-) sometimes occur, the com- 

 bination of consonant + -n- then taking a constant -a (-i) after it. 

 If the accented vowel {%) of the aorist immediately precedes the -n- 

 in all forms, an inorganic -li- must be introduced, the combination 

 -lih- then necessitating a following constant -a; doublets, conditioned 

 by the position of the accent, here also occur. Certain suffixed ele- 

 ments {-i-, -%''-) characteristic of intransitives drop off before the caus- 

 ative -n-, yet in some forms they are retained ; intransitivizing ele- 

 ments naturally remain, for without them the verb would itself be 

 transitive and incapable of becoming a causative. The aorist and non- 

 aorist forms of the causative, with the qualification just made, are 

 built up on the corresponding tense-mode forms of the primitive verb. 

 Examples of causative -{a)n- are: 



Intransitive Causative 



yelnada'^ you will be lost (a yalnsmada'^ you will lose it 

 palatalized by preceding y 

 to -e-) 14.3 

 yowo'^ he is 21.1 hd^-i-yowoni'^n I woke him up 



Giterally, I caused him to 

 be up with my hand) 16.4 



.§§ 44-45 



