BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 137 



Intransitive Causative 



yewe'^^ he returned 4 9.10; hd^-l-yewen. he cured him (lit- 

 88.5 erally, he caused him with 



his hand to return up) 15.2 

 The causative in -vnTia- is sometimes usitative in meaning: 

 Zo^onha he used to kill them; lohdn he killed them 142.9 



Examples occur of transitives in -n- formed from intransitives in 

 which no causative notion can be detected : 



da-lonhafn I lied to him; de-lUnhixi he lied to me (intransitive 



da-lofe^ I shall lie [110.23]) 

 gel-way aP'na'^n I slept with her (26.4) ; gel-wa-ina'n I shall sleep 

 with her (108.3) (intransitive wa^anfe^ I sleep [188.22]; walfe' 

 I shall sleep [188.20]) ; but wayd^hdi^n I cause him to sleep 

 (162.1); ^ya^nhail I shall cause him to sleep, walvihsi put him 

 to sleep! 106.4,8 

 The connective a of the causative sufl5x -aifi- in the aorist is treated 

 differently from the a of the non-aorist forms in so far as in the 

 former case the -an- diphthong, when stressed, receives a raised 

 accent, while in the latter the a, as a strictly inorganic element, takes 

 the falling accent. Thus: 



Aorist Non-aorist 



ho^gwsi^B. he made him run TiogwdJn make him run! 



(^gwen he caused him to return) ye^w&'n. make liim return! 



Ip.'agan he bathed him [186.25]) ^.'a^^ra'n bathe him! 186.24 

 In other words, the phonetic relation between aorist and non-aorist 

 illustrated by several verb types (e. g., agan- : ag[a]n-) is reflected also 

 in the causative suffix {-an-: -[a]n-). The same is true of other -[a]n- 

 suffixes not causative in signification (see § 42, 10): 



Aorist Non-aorist 



l-lclu^ma^n he fixed it 150.13 l-W.uma'n fix it! 



QcUmenxbi^n I make you 27.9) Jclema'n make it! 186.24 



§ 46. Comitative -(a) gw- 



Comitatives, i. e., transitive forms with the general meaning of to 

 DO SOME ACTION (expressed by verb-stem) together with, at- 

 tended BY, having something (cxprcsscd by object of verb), may 

 be formed only from intransitives by the sufBLx -gw- (final -fc'", rarely 

 -k^wa in monosyllables) ; after a consonant (including semivowel) a 

 connective -a- appears before the -gw-, though in a few cases (as in 

 aorist yd'^nr go) the -gw- is directly appended. Dissyllabic stems 

 ending in vowel + -g- or -w- often add the comitative -gw- directly, in 



§ 46 



