BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 139 



Intransitive Comltative 



Hobagas- lie like dead (non- ndx-da-t.'ohaga'sgwanV he lies 

 aorist) like dead with pipe in mouth 



uyvfs'- laugh uyv/^s'gwa^n I laugh at him 



haxam- come da-yawix haxam&'^Tc'^ they 



came talking Qiterally, 

 mouth-talking they - came- 

 with) 126.2 

 lo^x hiliwsigwana^V we play at 

 fighting Giterally, play we- 

 fight-having) 

 wa-hili^gwa'^n I jump having 

 it {^^hiliugwa'^n, see §7) 



hiliw- fight, jump 



If the object of the comitative verb is other than a third person, the 

 sufl&x -gw- is followed by the indirective -d-, which does not ordinarily 

 appear as such, but unites with the immediately following transitive 

 connective -x- to form -s-; a connective -a- is inserted between the 

 -gw- and the -s-, so that the whole comitative suffix for a first or 

 second personal object is -{a)gwas-. Examples are: 



uyu'^s'gw&si he laughs at me 

 Jienen&gwsi'sam he ate us up (192.15) 

 hd°'-wa-dawiy Sigwa,' slink' he will fly up Avith you 



The form -gwad- of the comitative suffix appears as such preceding 

 -in- (umlauted from -an-) in the third personal object of indirect for- 

 f orms built up on intransitive verbs derived from transitives : 



liikl'ufxagwadini^n I trap for him (probably = I cause [-m] him 

 to be having [-gwad-] [some one] to trap [luk!u-xa-] [for him]) ; 

 but luklv/xagwsisi he traps for me 



p'ele'xagw&dini^n I go to war for him; but p'ele^xagwasi he goes 

 to war for me 



It is highly probable, however, that in such cases the -gwad- is to be 

 definitely analyzed into a comitative element -gwa- + an indirective 

 element -d- {-f-) to, for; this seems to be pointed out by the fact 

 that when the for - object becomes identical with the subject, i. e., 

 when the verb becomes an indirect reflexive (for one's self), the -d- 

 immediately precedes the regular reflexive suffix -gwi-, leaving the 

 causative suffix -(,a)n- between it and the comitative suflSx -gw-: 



lukm^xagwanVgwide^ltTeLpioTiQjseli (probably = I cause [-an-] 

 myself [-gwi-] to be having [ -$rw-] [some one] to tTa,'p[luk!u-xa-] 

 for[-r-][me]) 



§ 46 



