140 BUREAU OP AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



Comitatives in -gw- are formed not only from intransitivized tran- 

 sitivesin -xa- (e. g., l-liibu'xak'" she pounds with it in hand [55.10]; 

 56.1), but also from non-agentive intransitives in -a;- (see below, § 56). 

 Examples are: 



Non-agentive Comitative 



sgo^^sde^ { = sgd'^d-x-de^) I cut sgb'Hgwa^n I got tired ^ of it 

 (without implied object), (21.6) 



am across (148.8) 

 lie^-me^-fhd'^Vfhax he lay he^^-wa-fho^VfWxgwsb he lay 

 down with his arms folded, down with it clasped in his 



lay rolled up and put away arms 154.6 



(cf. 7ie^-me^-fhd''^¥fhaga^n I 

 roll it up and put it away) 

 Vge^ya'lx it runs around, rolls wa-fge^ya'lxgwa^n I roll with it 



iva-i-s'iigu's'uxgwa^n I am 



sleepy (literally, something 



like: I am confused having 



sleep) 



ha-i-s'iWx he landed ha-i-s'iWxgwa, he landed with 



(his canoe) 13.5 

 The obverse, as it were, of these transitive forms in -x-gwa-, is given 

 by certain rather curious Class I intransitive forms in -x-gwa- built 

 up on intransitive, not, like normal -x- derivatives, on transitive 

 stems; they may be literally translated as to be with (or having) 

 (something) doing or being. Thus from the intransitive aorist 

 da¥-limim- (tree) falls on top of is formed the intransitive dak'- 

 limimxgwade^ it falls on top of me (108.12), in which the logical 

 subject (tree) becomes an implied object, while the real object or 

 goal of motion (me) is treated as the grammatical subject. The 

 form quoted would have to be literally translated as i am with (or 

 having) (it) falling on top of (me). I (as tree) fall having 

 IT, together with it would probably be something like *da¥- 

 limPmgwa'^n. Morphologically similar to daV-limlmxgwade^ are 

 doubtless : 



Tiewe'Jidxgwdude' I yawn Giterally, I am having — [ ? ]) 

 yele'^sgwside^ ( = yelet! -x-gwa-) I am sweating Giterally, I am 

 — ^having it, i. e., perspiration [?]) 

 With such an interpretation, the form da¥-limlmxgwadini^n i 

 CHOP IT on to him becomes readily intelligible as a causative built 



1 sgo'usde^ and sgo'^sgwa^n are morphologically quite clearly related, though in signification the latter form 

 lias widely departed from what must have heen its primary meaning. 



§ 46 



