BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 141 



up on an intransitive in -xgwa-; literally translated it would read 

 I CAUSE {-in) HIM TO BE WITH {-gwod-) (it) falling (liml^m-x-) on 

 TOP OF idaV-) (him) . This chimes in well with the interpretation given 

 above of the really very perplexing "for" forms in -gwadin- and 

 -gwanfgwi. 



As will have been noticed from some of the examples already 

 given (yawayagw- talk about, uyv/^s'gwa- laugh at, sgoHgwa- be 

 TiKED OF, henenagw- consume), the primarily comitative meaning of 

 the -gw- suffix is sometimes greatly obscured, at times practically 

 lost. Other examples illustrating this weakening of the fundamental 

 signification are: 



Intransitive Comitative 



hoyod- dance hoyod-agw- dance (a particular 



kind of) dance 100.15; 102.9 



haP'-ya^n- go up hoP'-ya^n-gw- pick up 24.3; 59.15 



ia-i-ginig- go out to, come ha-i-gitW-gw- take out (no leg 



motion necessarily implied) 



xeben- do (so) xebe^y-agw-^ hurt, destroy 136.23 



§ 47. Indirective -d-{-s-) 



The -d- of the indirect object never appears in its naked form 

 (except, as we have seen, in certain forms m -gwad-; see also under 

 -d- in petrified suffixes) , but always combined into -s- with the follow- 

 ing element -x- that serves to bind pronominal objects of the first and 

 second persons to the verb-stem with its derivative suffixes (see §64). 

 The indirect object of the third person is not normally expressed by 

 this -d-, but, like an ordinary direct third personal object, is left 

 unexpressed, the general character of the verb being impliedly indi- 

 rective. As a matter of fact, an incorporated pronominal indirect 

 object is used only when the direct object is of the third person, never 

 of the first or second; and, since the pronominal object of the third 

 person is never expressed in the verb, this means that what is trans- 

 lated as the indirect object is in reality morphologically the direct 

 object of the verb. The indirective idea is merely a derivative 

 development; or, more correctly, certain transitive verbs with indi- 

 rective " face" require an -s- { = -d--\--x-) instead of -x- with an incor- 

 porated object of the first or second person, i give it to him is, then, 

 really rendered in Takelma by i-him-give; i give it to you, by i- 



1 For the change of non-causative -n- to -y- (-«-) of. klemhi- and kleme^a- make. 



^ 47 



