142 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [B0LL. 40 



tou-give; I GIVE HIM FOOD, by i-HiM-FOOD-GivE, in which the 

 logically indirect object him must be looked upon as the direct object 

 of the verbal complex food-give (food, not being a pronomuial 

 object, is loosely incorporated as a prefix in the verb) ; i give you 

 FOOD, by I-You-FOOD-GIVE, the pronominal combination i you 

 being expressed at the end of the verb-complex in the same form as in 

 a simple transitive like i-you-see, except that it is preceded by -s- 

 instead of -x-; such combinations as i give you to him, me and he 

 gives me to you, him can not be expressed by one verb-form. In 

 these latter cases the grammatical object of the verb is no longer in- 

 directly affected by the action; hence another, though probably ety- 

 mologically related, verb-stem is employed, while the indirect object 

 is expressed by a local phrase outside the verb : i give you to him 

 ( = i-YOU-GiVE [not indirective "face"! him-to), -x-, not -s-, preced- 

 ing the combination i you. The idea of to in iutransitives like go, 

 RUN, and so on, is regularly expressed by such an extra-verbal local 

 phrase. Many verbs that, from our pouit of view, seem ordinary 

 transitives, are in Takelma provided with the indirective -s-. Ex- 

 amples illustrating the use of this -s- are : 



Aorist Future 



\ogoyi"n^ I give it to him 180.11 o'Fin (170.13; 180.9,16) 



I ogu'sWn I give it to you 23.3 o'shin (178.15) 



[ {oyonxbi^n I give you) {olnxbin I shall give you) 



(wet'gi^n (for -g- see §42, 5) I wede'Vin (17.10,11) 

 took it from him 76.1 



wesbi^n I took it from you (17.3) wede'sbin (16.10,11) 

 jal-da-p'o^p'iwi^nlhlew at it (15. 1) 

 [al-da-p'Up'ausbi^n I blew at you 



'wd°-g%wi'^n I brought it to him wagawi'n I shall bring it to 



(for -w- see §42, 11) (176.17) him 



wa'^ga'sam^ he brought it to us we^e'sirj^-' hewillbringittome 



(194.11) 

 jeiyi'^n I hurt him 

 \ elshi^n I hurt you 



(gayau he ate him 54.5 ga-iwa'nY 130.5 



Xgayausbi^n I ate you galshinV he will eat 3^ou 26.8 



J al-yebebi'^n I showed it to him (77. 8) al-ye^hi'n I shall show it to him 



\al-yeWpshi^n I showed it to you al-yepsi show it to me! 



' The -y- is peculiar to aorist forms of this verb with a third personal object {ogoyiH' you to htm ; ogcHM 

 HE TO HIM 122.11) and to the third personal passive aorist (ogoyi'n he "was given it 15.2) 



2 With connecting a before s. In o'sbin above -g- + -s-gives -«-, but *wesdam {=wecg-sdam) would be- 

 come confused with wesdam { — we'd-sdam) you took it trom me. 



§ 47 



