160 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



of all, we may form an ordinary active transitive verb with expressed 

 object by attaching to the verb or aorist stem the appropriate pro- 

 nominal suffixes: ha-i-de-di'nilc!a^n i stretch it out (like a rubber 

 BAND or the like) (62,1). Secondly, from this may be formed a pas- 

 sive by the addition to the stem (dinik!-) of the pronominal object and 

 characteristic passive suffix: ha-i-de-di'niklan it is or was (actively) 

 STRETCHED OUT. Thirdly, the transitive stem may be made intransi- 

 tive by a failure to specify the object: ha-i-de-di'ni^xade^ i stretch 

 (something) out. Fourthly, a direct reflexive is formed by the 

 sufiix -gwi-: ha-i-de-di'ni^¥wide^ i (actually, if such were possible) 

 stretch myself out, in as literal a sense as in, e. g., i kill myself. 

 Fifthly, the transitive form may be made reciprocal by the compound 

 suffix -05- (or -s-)an-: la-i-de-di' ni^xa^n they (actively and literally) 

 stretch one another out. Sixthly, the non-agentive voice is 

 formed by a suffixed -x-: ha-i-de-dini'^x it stretches out (144.14), 

 in the sense in which a sore might be supposed to spread, without voli- 

 tion and without apparent agency; this particular form is idiomati- 

 cally employed to refer to the stretching out, advancing, marching, of 

 a single column, the figure here being evidently that of a long string- 

 like line moving out without distinctly sensed agency. Similarly, 

 hd^-dini'^x (clouds) spread up in long strips 13.3 are not actively 

 spread out by some one, do not spread out some unexpressed object, 

 are not conceived of as actually spreading themselves out, and are 

 not conceived of as being in the static, purely positional condition of 

 lying extended. Seventhly, the last, positional voice is expressed 

 by an aoristic -i*-, non-aoristic -as-: dinlc.H it lies spread out, 

 referring to a long string or other elongated body extended on the 

 ground; future dink!a'sdd°'. A synopsis for the second person 

 singular (and reciprocal plural) of dink!-(dinik!-) spread of the 

 seven voices in the six tense-modes is given in Appendix A. The 

 intransitive suffixes will now be taken up in order. 



§ 53. Active Intransitive -xa- 



The -a- of this suffix is a constant element except before a per- 

 sonal ending beginning with a vowel: 'p'ele'xiV we go to fight. 

 Like other non-radical -a- vowels it may be umlauted to i : s'om-lu- 

 Tiulxiya'^ they (indef.) operate as s'omloho'lxa^s (class of medicine 

 men) 172.14. The final consonant of the aorist stem of verbs of Type 



§ 53 



