BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 153 



personal object. The phonetic form of what precedes the -x- (-S-) is the 

 same as in the transitive from which the reciprocal is derived. The 

 reciprocal element -an- is the only one of the verbal suffixes that is 

 placed between the connecting -x- and the personal endings, so that 

 it may rightly be looked upon as in a way equivalent to the incor- 

 porated objective pronouns. Examples of -x-an- are: 



IdoyoxmiV we go together, accompany one another (33.15) 



tleUxmiha^ni let us play shinny! 



i-lats!a'xiD.ik' we touch one another 



al-s'in-ld'^xa.^B. they meet each other (literally, they thrust noses 



to one another) 

 i/omoxa^n they kill one another (33.10) 

 gel-wayanx&^n they were sleeping together Qiterally, they caused 



each other to sleep facing each other) 190.2 

 aZ-a;^'*xa^n they looked at each other 



Examples of -s-an-, i. e., of indirect reciprocals, are: 



naga'ssb^n they said to each other 31.9 (cf. naga'shi^n I said to you 



[100.1]); future nax&n'f (cf. naxUn [60.3]) 

 sd'^nsa'nssi^n they fight one another (23.14; 184.13) (cf. sd'^nsa'ns- 



hi^n); future sana'xan^f (23.15) {ci. sana'xbin) 

 Tie^^-lus'Si^n they went away from one another (cf. Jie^'-lushi^n 



[184.14]); future Ae^'-^^y^'xan^^' {ci.lie^^-lwi'xbin) 

 Id'^ma'lsa.^n they quarreled with each other 27.2; 86.10 

 wd°-Mmi'sa,^n they talked to one another 124.14(cf . wd^-ldmi' shi^n) 

 lo^gwa's-iniba^ let us play 32.5 (cf. lo^gwa'shin future) 

 t!u'lt!als-miba^ let us play at gambling-sticks {t.'ul) 31.9 

 al-sege'sa¥sim¥ we keep nodding to one another; se^¥sa'¥- 



sanfc' they nodded to one another (inferential) 172. 10 (but unre- 



duplicated al-se'^xmi¥ we nodded to each other) 



§ 56. Non-agentive -x- 



The difference in signification between the non-agentive -x- and the 

 intransitive -xa- may be well brought out by a comparison with the 

 distinctly double signification of English intransitively used transi- 

 tives. If such a transitive word as split be relieved of its object, it 

 may be employed in two quite distinct senses, either to indicate the 

 same sort of action that is expressed by the transitive, but without ex- 

 plicit direction (as, the carpenter can split, i. e., can split beams, 

 boards) ; or to indicate a spontaneous non-volitional activity resulting 

 in a static condition identical with that induced by the corresponding 

 transitive action (as, the beams, boards, split, i. e., spontaneously 



§ 56 



