154 



BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 40 



undergo motion resulting in that condition which is brought about 

 by corresponding activity from without : the carpenter splits the 

 BEAMS, boards). SPLIT in the former case is rendered in Takelma by 

 xa'^-ts-Hwi'xa^ (aorist transitive ts- !iwi-cl-) ; in the latter, by xd^- 

 ts-!iwVs' {= -ts- Hwi'd-x) . It is true that in some cases the use of -x- 

 does not seem to be logically justified (e. g., al-huyuxde^ i hunt 136.18; 

 al-ho-yoiya'^n i hunt them) ; but something must be allowed for idio- 

 matic, not literally translatable usage. Such petrified suffixes as 

 -d- do not drop out before the -x-; the repeated consonant of Type 8 

 verbs falls off as usual (3-et cf. forms like limvm-x-gwa-, §46). Ex- 

 amples of the non-agentive are : 



Transitive 



l-Vwd'^-gwi^n I awakened him 



16.4 (future l-Vwd'ldwin) 

 leme'^V they took them along 



144.17 

 l-fge^yili'^n I roll it 

 de-ts' libi^p' he closed door 

 p!a-i-7ia-u-fgu'^p' he upset it 



Non-agentive 



¥waf°'^de^ I awoke (16.3) (future 



Fwa^'^xde' [190.5]) 

 leme'^x they all went 136.7 



fge^yaHx it rolls 

 de-ts'UhVx (door) shut 

 pla-i-lia-u-t'gu'^px it upset 60.8 

 wa^-l-t!eme^m he assembled them wa-t.'emexia'^^ people assembled 



110.3 144.23 



ha^w-l-ha'nats!i^n I made it stop ha-u-'hana'^s(, = -a'ts!x)itsto-pY>^d 



(152.15; 198.9) 

 di-sgii'^^xV it fell (nobody push- 

 ing) (59.11; 62.1) 

 JiiXHu'nYwa (tiredness) gwidig- 

 wa's {= -aHx) he was plumb 

 tired out (probably = he tot- 

 tered with tiredness) 120.12 

 smili' smalxde^ I swing* (73.2) 

 })d°--t'elc!e'fax it bobs up and 

 down (60.11,13,14) 



In some verbs -alx- ( = continuative -at- + non-agentive -x-) seems 

 to be quite equivalent to the intransitive -xa-: 



geyewdJlxde^ I am eating (31.3) (but, hortatory, gelx&ha^ let us eat) 

 le'Wi^de' I carry (178.6) (Za«&a'^7i I carry it [178.3,4]) 

 u^gw2Jnx.de^ I drink (see § 21). 



The non-agentive character of verbs in -x- may be reflected in 

 transitives (causatives) derived from them, in that in such causatives 



1 It maynot be uninteresting to note, as throwing light on the native feeling for -x-, that this form sounded 

 somewhat queer to Mrs. Johnson, for, as she intimated, one can't very well be swinging without either 

 actively swinging one's self or being swimg by some one. 



§ 56 



dl-sgu'yukH^n I knock it down 



(48.7, 8) 

 l-gwidigwa't'i he threw them 

 "(108.21;. 138.3) 



l-smili' srrdl¥n I swing it 

 Id'^-t'e'^gi'n I lift it up (Type 5) 



