B0As3 HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 155 



the subject is not thought of as being the direct cause of the state or 

 activity predicated, but is rather considered as indirectly responsible 

 for it. Thus, from the aorist stem t'gwil%k!w- {fgwili'^-x water, 

 BLOOD DROPS, DRIPS 58.1) are formed: 



p!a-i-t'gn)iU'lc!wajia^n I (A^oluntarily) drop, spill it 

 pla-i-fgwili'^XTisi^n I have it drop (unavoidably), spill it (72.8,16) 



§ 57. Positional-/ '- 



As we have already seen (§ 40, 15), this suffix, though of clearly 

 derivational character, is generally, probably always, confined to the 

 aorist. A positional verb in -^*- may be defined as expressing the 

 state or condition resulting from the completed action of a transitive 

 or non-agentive ; e. g., p!a-i-ha-u-fgup!idi it (box-like object) lies 

 UPSIDE DOWN is a verb expressing the result of the action defined in 

 'p.'a-i-Tia-u-fgu'^hafn i upset it and pla-i-Jia-u-fgu'^px it upset 60.8. 

 From one point of view the suffix -V- serves to mark off a class of purely 

 positional verbs, a different verb-stem being used for each general 

 form-category of the object described. Such verbs of position are: 



diiikll long, stretched out object lies (transitive aorist dinik!-) 



fgeits'H round object lies (138.24) (fgeyets'!-) 



p'ildi flat object lies 



t.'ohigi corpse, dead-looking body lies 



s'eini box-like object with opening on top lies 



p!a-i-lia-u-fgup!idi box-like object with opening below lies 



(r^u«&-) 

 s'ugwidi curled-up object (like bundle of rope) lies 

 da-sgali scattered objects (like grain on floor) lie 

 wlk'.idl several objects heaped together lie (wi^g-) 

 S'as'ini erect object is, he stands 34.1; 45.12; 77.9 

 s'u^wili sitting object (person) is, he sits, dwells 21.1; 57.2 

 Vebill absent object is, he is long absent 124.20 



Not so clearly positional are : 



laHl (generally heard as IdHe^) it becomes 33.17; 45.3 

 yamli he looks pretty 



Of these verbs those that are directly derived from transitives, it 

 will be observed, use in the aorist the verb-stem, not the aorist stem, 

 of their simplex (thus dink!-, not dinik!-). The derivational -{a)d- 

 (see § 42, 4) that seems to characterize a number of positional verbs 

 can not be explained. 



57 § 



