BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 157 



lo'plodiaJ'^^ it is raining, hailing, or snowing 90.1; 152,11 (but 

 definitely noa; Zo_p/o^f it rains 90.1; (198.9); ts' !elam lop !oY it 

 hails; p/a'«s lop.'oY it snows 90.2; 196.7) 



lep'niju^uV it has gotten to be winter 



samgisi''^H' it will be summer (92.9) 



samgmugulugwa'n it is about to be summer (literally, it is sum- 

 mer-intended, see § 68) (cf. 48.13) 



fuwugia'^^ it is hot (i. e., it is hot weather; but t'uwu'^V it, some 

 object, is hot [25.10]; 94.15) 



we'^gm-uda^ when it is daybreak 73.6; 126.13 



4. Temporal- Modal and JProuotninal Elements (§§ 59-67) 



§ 69. INTRODUCTORY 



Every Jakelma verb except, so far as known, the defective copula 

 elfe^ I AM, has forms of six tense-modes — aorist, future, potential, 

 inferential, present imperative, and future imperative. Of these, all 

 but the aorist, which is built up on a derived aorist stem, are formed 

 from the verb-stem. A special tense or mode sign, apart from the 

 peculiar stem of the aorist, is found in none of the tense-modes 

 except the inferential, which, in all the voices, is throughout charac- 

 terized by a -¥-{-g-) following the objective, but preceding the sub- 

 jective, pronominal elements. Each of the tense-modes except the 

 potential, which uses the personal endings of the aorist, is, however, 

 characterized by its own set of pronominal endings. It is for this 

 very reason that it has seemed best to use the term tense-modes for 

 the various modes and tenses, instead of attempting a necessarily 

 artificial classification into tenses (aorist and future) and modes 

 (indicative, potential, imperative, and inferential), the method of 

 distinguishing the latter being fundamentally the same as that 

 employed to form the former, i. e., the use of special pronominal 

 schemes. 



The purely temporal idea is only slightly developed in the verb. 

 The aorist does duty for the preterite (including the narrative past), 

 the present, and the immediate future, as in now i shall go; while 

 the future is employed to refer to future time distinctly set off from 

 the present, as in i shall go this evening, to-morrow. A similar 

 distinction between the immediate and more remote future is made 

 in the imperative. The present imperative expresses a command 

 which, it is intended, is to pass into more or less immediate fulfill- 

 ment, as in go away! while the command expressed by the future 

 § 59 



