BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 159 



The inferential is also regularly employed in expressing the negative 

 future. 



Not only do the pronominal elements vary for the different tense- 

 modes, but they change also for the two main classes of intransitive 

 verbs and for the transitive (subject and object), except that in the 

 present imperative and inferential no such class-differences are 

 discernible, though even in these the characteristic -p'- of Class II 

 intransitives brings about a striking formal, if not strictly personal, 

 difference. We thus have the following eleven pronominal schemes to 

 deal with: 



Aorist subject intransitive I. 



Aorist subject intransitive II. 



Aorist subject transitive. 



Future subject intransitive I. 



Future subject intransitive II. 



Future subject transitive. 



Inferential subject. 



Present imperative subject. 



Future imperative subject intransitive I and transitive. 



Future imperative subject intransitive II. 



Object transitive (and subject passive). 



The transitive objects are alike for all tense-modes, except that 

 the combination of the first person singular object and second person 

 singular or plural subject (i. e., thou or ye me) always agrees with 

 the corresponding subject form of intransitive II. Not all the per- 

 sonal forms in these schemes stand alone, there being a number of 

 intercrossings between the schemes of the three classes of verbs. The 

 total number of personal endings is furthermore greatly lessened by 

 the absence of a dual and the lack of a distinct plural form for the 

 third person. The third person subject is positively characterized 

 by a distinct personal ending only in the aorist subject intransitive I, 

 the future subject intransitive I, the future subject intransitive II, 

 and the future subject transitive; as object, it is never characterized 

 at all, except in so far as the third person object, when referring to 

 human beings, is optionally indicated by a special suffix -¥wa- 

 i-gwa-) . In all other cases the third person is negatively characterized 

 by the absence of a personal ending. The second singular subject of 

 the present imperative is similarly negatively characterized by the 

 absence of a personal ending, though the -p' of the present imperative 

 intransitive II superficially contradicts this statement (see § 61). 



§ 59 



