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BUEEAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bdll. 40 



The pronominal schemes, with illustrative paradigms, will now be 

 taken up according to the verb-classes, 



§ 60. INTRANSITIVES, CLASS I 



This class embraces most of the intransitives of the language, 

 particularly those of active significance (e. g., come, go, run, dance^ 

 PLAY, SING, DIE, SHOUT, JUMP, jet also sucli as BE, SLEEP), vcrbs in 

 -xa-, indefinites in -iau-, and reciprocals. The tense-modes of such 

 verbs have the following characteristic subjective personal endings: 



1 It is possible that this sufRx is really -k'a^n; -n after a catch is practically without sonority, and 

 very easily missed by the ear. The first person singular and plural inferential endings are then both 

 transitives in form (cf. -a-n and -ana'k' as first person singular and plural subject of transitives) ; the third 

 person is without ending in both. The ending -k'-a^n is made particularly likely by the subordinate in 

 •k'-a'n-da^ (see § 70). 



The imperative is necessarily lacking in the first person singular and 

 third person. The first person plural in -{a)'ba'^ of the present imper- 

 ative is used as a hortatory: yanaba'^ let us go! 158.11; (cf. 168.11). 

 This -{a)ha'^ is not infrequently followed by emphasizing particles: -nV 

 (e. g., yuba'°-^n%' let us be! [cf. 158.8]) ; -lii (e. g., ye^ha'^hi let us re- 

 turn! 63.1 ; see § 114, 2), or -Tia'n (e. g., ya'naba^Jia'n -l-et us go 64.1), 

 the last of these being clearly identical with the nominal plural ele- 

 ment -han (see § 99) ; -nihan is also found {ya'nabaP-^niTia'n let us all 

 GO, pray! [cf. 150.24; 152.6]). No true future hortatory and second 

 person plural imperative seem to exist ; for the latter, the ordinary 

 indicative form in -tha^ {-daba^ in the other classes) was always given. 

 The connective -a- is used with most of the consonantal endings, as 

 indicated in the table, when the preceding part of the word ends in a 

 consonant, otherwise the ending is directly attached; in the reciprocal 

 -fp, -H\ and -fha^ are directly added to the suffix -an-. Before the 

 only vocalic ending, -i^¥, a glide -y- is introduced if the preceding 

 sound is a vowel (e. g., al-yowoyi^¥ we look). In the first person 

 plural of the future -iga'm (-aorist -ig- + -a'm; cf . -da'm in possessive 

 § 60 



