168 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



It does not seem that -¥wa-, which is optionally used as the third 

 personal object when reference is distinctly had to a human being (or 

 to a mythical animal conceived of as a human being), can be com- 

 bined with other than a third personal subject (at least no other 

 examples have been found) ; nor can it be used as an indirect ob- 

 ject if the verb already contains among its prefixes an incorporated 

 indirect object. These restrictions on the use of -¥wa- enable us 

 effectually to distinguish it from the indirect reflexive -Vwa- which 

 has already been discussed, this element normally requiring an incor- 

 porated object prefixed to the verb. Examples of the objective 

 -Vwa- are: 



tlomoFwa^ it killed him 15.16; 28.11 



Jie^^-lUk'wa he went away from him 



liaxank'wa he burnt him 27.16 



sd^nsa' nk' wa he fought with him 28.10 



nagalVwa he said to him 152.3 (with very puzzling intransitive 

 -i-; contrast naga" he said to him) 



wet'gigwa she took (it) away from him (49.6) 



lak'waV (inferential) he gave him to eat 



In several respects this -k'wa differs fundamentally from the other 

 object suffixes. It allows no connective -x- to stand before it (see § 

 64) ; the indirective -d- of -a'ld- (see § 48) drops out before it: 

 gayawa'Tk'wa he ate him; cf. gayawa'lshi he ate you (26.8) 

 and, differing in this respect from the suffixless third person object, it 

 allows no instrumental i to stand before it (see § 64) : 



%-t!ana'hagwa he held him (25.10) ; cf. l-tlana'hi he held it 27.4 

 dak'-da-hdWwa he answered him 180.18; cf. daV-dorhdHi'^n 1 

 answered him (146.14) 



It is thus evident that forms with suffixed -Vwa approximate in- 

 transitives in form (cf . nagalk'wa above) . With a stem-final g, gw the 

 suffix unites to form -Vwa, the preceding vowel being lengthened and 

 receiving a rising accent ; with a stem-final Tc! it unites to form -^¥wa, 

 the preceding vowel being lengthened with falling accent. Examples 

 are: 



tlaydVwa he found him 71.14; cf. tlaya^F he found it 43.4; 134.17 

 maldVwa he told him 22.8; (72.14); cf. mahgana'nhi he told it 

 to him (see § 50) 30.15 



1 The final consonant of the aoristic stem of Type 8 verbs is regularly lost before -k'wa. 



§ 62 



