BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 173 



The greater number of cases will probably be found to come under 

 this head, so that the -i- may be conveniently termed instrumental 

 -i-. Not all forms with -i-, by any means, can be explained, how- 

 ever, as instrumental in force. A great many verbs, many of them 

 characterized by the directive prefix al- (see § 36, 15), require an -i- 

 as their regular connecting vowel: 



lagagi'^n I gave him to eat (30.12) 

 laHiwi'^n I call him by name (116.17) 



lo^ginini'^n I trap them for him (and most other FOR-indirec- 

 tives in -anan-) 



Examples of -i-verbs with indirect object are: 



ogoyi'^n I give it to him 180.1 1 (contrast oyona'-n I gave it [180.20]) 

 wa'^giwi'^n I brought it to him (176.17) (contrast wd^^ga'^n I 

 brought it [162.13]) 



A number of verbs have -a- in the aorist, but -i- in all other tense- 

 modes : 



yi^miya'^n I lend it to him, but yimi'Tiin I shall lend it to him 

 naga'^n I said to him (second -a- part of stem) 72.9, but nd'^gi'n 

 I shall say to him; nd'^gi'^Y say to him! (future) 196.20; ndViV 

 he said to him (inferential) 94.16; 170.9; 172.12 



The general significance of -i- seems not unlike that of the prefijced 

 directive al-, though the application of the former element is very 

 much wider; i. e., it refers to action directed toward some person or 

 object distinctly outside the sphere of the subject. Hence the -i- is 

 never found used together with the indirect reflexive -¥wa-, even 

 though this suffix is accompanied by an instrumental prefix: 



xd°'-f!V'-nd''^¥wa^n I warm my own back (188.20) 

 In a few cases the applicability of the action of the verb can be 

 shifted from the sphere of the subject to that of another person or 

 thing by a mere change of the connective -a- to -i-, without the 

 added -use of prefix or suffix: 



xd"'-ld'H!an I shall put it about my waist, but xd^-ld'HIin I shall 

 put it about his waist 



In the form of the third personal subject with third personal object 

 of the aorist, the imperative with third personal object, and the 

 inferential with third personal object, the -i- generally appears as a 

 suffixed -Tii- (-'i-) , incapable of causing umlaut : 



malagana' nlii he told him 30.15, but malagini'^n I told him (172.1) 

 wa-t!omdmhi he killed him with it 



§ 64 



