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BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 40 



person by the analogy of such forms as tlomoma'^n, tlomomaY. The 

 third person generally brings out the original diphthong, yet some- 

 times the analogy set by the first person seems to be carried over to 

 the third person (e. g., sans beside saf^nsa'n), as well as to the third 

 person passive and first person plural subject transitive. Such forms 

 as oyo^n are best considered as survivals of an older " athematic" type 

 of forms, later put on the wane by the spread of the "thematic" 

 type with connecting -a- (e. g., gayawa'^n, not *gaya^n from ^gayaU^n). 

 Owing to the fact that the operation of phonetic laws gave rise to 

 various paradigmatic irregularities in the "athematic" forms, these 

 sank into the background. They are now represented by aorists of 

 Type 2 verbs like naga'-^n i sat to him and wa-lcfoyd-^n i go with 

 HiM,^ non-aorist forms of Type 5 verbs (e. g., odo'-n), and such iso- 

 lated irregularities as intransitive el-t and nagai-f (contrast yewey-aY 

 and t'agayaH') and transitive contract verbs like Jcladd^n and sd^nsa'^n. 



§ 66. Passives 



Passives, which occur in Takelma texts with great frequency, must 

 be looked upon as amplifications of transitive forms with third per- 

 sonal subject. Every such transitive form may be converted into a 

 passive by the omission of the transitive subject and the addition of 

 elements characteristic of that voice; the pronominal object of the 

 transitive becomes the logical, not formal, subject of the passive 

 (passives, properly speaking, have no subject). The passive suffixes 

 referred to are -(a)n for the aorist, ~{a)na^ for the future, and -am for 

 the inferential. Imperatives were not obtained, nor is it certain that 

 they exist. Following are the passive forms of do'^m-, instrumental 

 forms being put in parentheses : 



1 Some verbs whose aorist stem ends in a vowel take a constant -a- with preceding inorganic h instead 

 of adding the personal endings directly. Such a verb is l-t.'ana- hold; the constant -a- or -i- of forms 

 like l-t.'ana'hagwa, l-t.'ene'hi-s'dam is perhaps due to the analogy of the instrumental -i- of forms like 

 i-t!ana'hi^n. 



.§ 66 



