BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 181 



The connective -a-, it will be observed, is replaced by -i- when the 

 formal object is the first person plural (-am-) ; compare the entirely 

 analogous phenomenon in the second personal subjective first per- 

 sonal plural objective forms of the transitive (§ 63). It is curious 

 that the third person aorist of the passive can in every single case 

 be mechanically formed with perfect safety by simply removing the 

 catch from the first personal singular subjective third personal objec- 

 tive of the transitive ; the falling accent (rising accent for verbs like 

 Icleme^n) remains unchanged: 



l-t!a'ut!iwi^n I caught him : i-tla'utliwin he was caught 29.12 

 na^a'^'n Isaidtohim72.7, 9 : naga'n he was spoken to 102.16 

 Jcleme^n I made it 74.13 : Jclemen it was made 13.12 178.12 



It is hardly possible that a genetic relation exists between the 

 two forms, though a mechanical association is not psychologically 

 incredible. 



Not only morphologically, but also syntactically, are passives 

 closely related to transitive forms. It is the logical unexpressed sub- 

 ject of a passive sentence, not the grammatical subject (logical and 

 formal object), that is referred to by the reflexive possessive in -gwa 

 (see §§ 91, 92). Thus: 



d%k!olola'nt'gd'°"p'dagwanwa^ he-was-dug-up their-own-horns (not 



his-own-horns) with (In other words, they dug him up with 



their own horns) 48.5 



There is no real way of expressing the agent of a passive construc- 

 tion. The commonest method is to use a periphrasis with xebe'^n 

 HE DID so. Thus: 



el salklomo'lcHmin pHyin xebe'^n canoe it-was-kicked-to-pieces 



deer they-did-so (in other words, the canoe was kicked to pieces 



by the deer) 114.5 



§ 67. VERBS OF MIXED CLASS, CLASS IV 

 A fairly considerable number of verbs are made up of forms that 

 belong partly to Class I or Class II intransitives, partly to the transi- 

 tives. These may be conveniently grouped together as Class IV, but 

 are again to be subdivided into three groups. A few instransitive 

 verbs showing forms of both Class I and II have been already 

 spoken of (pp. 162-3, 166). 



1. Probably the larger number is taken up by Type 13 verbs in 

 -71-, all the forms of which are transitives except those with second 

 person singular or plural subject. These latter are forms of Class 

 II (i. e., aorist singular -dam, plural -dap'; future singular -da^, plural 



§ 67 



