BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 185 



The reason is obvious. The normal futures {yana'H' he will go; 

 sana'p'dd'^; alxl'^xhirik') imply a bald certainty, as it were, of the 

 future action of a third person, a certainty that is not in ordinary 

 life generally justifiable. The periphrastic forms, on the other hand, 

 have a less rigid tone about them, and seem often to have a slight 

 intentive force : he intends, is about to go. The difference between 

 the two futures may perhaps be brought out by a comparison with 

 the English i shall kill him { = db^ma'n) and i'm going to kill him 

 {do^jn-gulugwa'^n) . 



Though a form like dumxi-gulu^¥ " he will kill me is in a 

 way analogous to s'in-i-lets!e'xi he touches my nose, the incor- 

 porated object dumxi- kill-me of the former being parallel to 

 s'in- nose of the latter, there is an important difference between 

 the two in that the object of the periplirastic future is always asso- 

 ciated with the logically (dd^m-), not formally (-gulug"^-), main verb. 

 This difference may be graphically expressed as follows: he-[kill- 

 me]-intends-it, but he-[ nose-hand] -touches-me; strict analogy 

 with the latter form would require ^dd'^m-gulvfxi he-[ kill]-intends- 

 me, a type of form that is not found. It is not necessary to give a 

 paradigm of periphrastic future forms, as any desired form can be 

 readily constructed from what has already been said. The incorpo- 

 rated pronominal object is always independent of the subject-suffix, so 

 that YOU will kill me, for example, is rendered by dUmxi-gulugwaY , 

 the ordinary you — me forms (singular -dam,, plural -dap') finding no 

 place here. 



Inasmuch as all active periphrastic futures are transitive in form, 

 passive futures of the same type (all ending in -gulugwa'n) can be 

 formed from all verbs, whether transitive or intransitive. When 

 formed from transitive stems, these forms are equivalent to the 

 normal future passives in -{a)na^: 



do^m-gulugwa' n he will, is about to, is going to be killed 

 dUmxi-gulugwa'n I am to be killed, it is intended to kill me 



As the intransitive stem in the periphrastic future is never accom- 

 panied by pronominal affixes, there is only one passive future form 

 that can be constructed from an intransitive verb. This form 

 always refers to the third person, generally to the intended or immi- 

 nent action of a group of people : 



Tioida-gulugwa' n (verb-stem Tioid- + inorganic -a-) there will be 

 dancing 



.§ 68 



