BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 187 



element serving merely to give it grammatical form. This usage 

 is identical with that so frequently employed in Chinookan dia- 

 lects, where significant uninflected particles are joined into peri- 

 phrastic constructions with some form of the verb-stem -x- do, make, 

 BECOME (e. g., Wasco l(i!u'h itciux he cut it [literally, cut he-it- 

 madeI), except that in Takelma the particles are identical with the 

 bases of normally formed verbs. It is not known how many such 

 verb-particles there are, or even whether they are at all numerous. 

 The few examples obtained are : 



na^ do (cf. na't'e^ I shall say, do) 



s'as' come to a stand (cf. s'as'inl he stands 144.14) 



s'il paddle canoe (cf. ei-ba-i-s'ili'xgwa he landed with his canoe 



13.5) 

 fgel^ fall, drop 



ts-.'el rattle (cf. ts-ele"m it rattles 102.13) 

 VW^x make a racket (cf. t'ho'^xde^ I make a noise) 

 liwa'"- look (cf. liwila'ut'e' I looked [60.7]) 

 le'yas lame (cf. gwel-le'ye^sde^ I am lame) 

 'p'i'was jumping lightly (cf. piwitslana'^n I make it bounce) 

 we'TclaW shining (cf. al-we'Tclala^n I shine) 

 sgala'uV look moving one's head to side (cf. al-sgalawi'n I shall 



look at him moving my head to side) 



The last two are evidently representatives of a whole class of quasi- 

 adverbial -^'-derivatives from verb-stems, and, though syntactically 

 similar to the rest, hardly belong to them morphologically. The -Y 

 of these invariable verb-derivatives can hardly be identified with 

 the inferential -lc\ as it is treated differently. Thus: 



we'Tdal-V sliining 126.3; 128.14, but inferential dl-we'lc!al-p'-k^ 

 (Class IV, 3) he shone 



Most frequently employed of those listed is na^, which is in all 

 probability nothing but the base na- do, to forms of which it is itself 

 prefixed; its function is to make of the base na(g)- a pure verb of 

 action or motion in contradistinction to the use of the latter as a verb 

 of saying: 



ga-ndFi say that to him! 55.8, but ga-na^nak'i do that to him! 

 182.4; 184.4 



ga-naga'^^ he said that 72.12, but ga-rmfnaga'^^ he did that 58.3 



gwalf a-na^na'H' the wind will blow as it is blowing now (liter- 

 ally, wind[(/iya?f] this[a-]-do[na^]-act-will[na'^f'l) (152.8) 



ga-na^ne'x thus, in that way (literally, that do-acting, doing) 71.6; 

 110.21; but ga-ne^x that saying, to say that 184.10 



§ 69 



