BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 189 



hlwa'c gali'xux afraid he-made-himself (= he became afraid) (see 



"Wishram Texts," 152.9) 

 Tcwo'ha gali'xux there he-made-himself ( = he got to be there, 

 came there) * 

 Here may also be mentioned the use of verb-stems prefixed to the 

 forms of Iclemn- make and naP'g- say to. Such locutions are causa- 

 tive in signification, but probably differ from formal causatives in 

 that the activity of the subject is more clearly defined. Examples 

 are: 



wede w6^¥ IcfemnaY do not let him arrive! (Uterally, not arrive 



make-liim!) 

 wo^¥ TcJemana'nxi let me come! (literally, arrive make-me!) 

 gwel-leis Tclemna'n I shall make him lame (literally, be-lame 



I-shall-make-him) 

 yana na¥i let him go (literally, go say-to-him) 



The forms involving Jdemen- are quite similar morphologically to 

 periphrastic futures in -gulug^-, the main point of difference being 

 that, while Tcfemen- occurs as independent verb, -gulug^- is never 

 found without a prefix. The forms involving naP'g- are probably best 

 considered as consisting of an imperative followed by a quotative 

 verb form. Thus ijana nd¥i is perhaps best rendered as "go! " say 

 IT TO him! The form hoida-yo'Vya^s (^02(7- dance + connective -a-) 

 ONE WHO KNOWS HOW TO DANCE suggests that similar compound 

 verbs can be formed from yok'y- know. 



§ 70. SUBORDINATING FORMS 



A number of syntactic suffixes are found in Takelma, which, when 

 appended to a verbal form, serve to give it a subordinate or depend- 

 ent value. Such subordinate forms bear a temporal, causal, condi- 

 tional, or relative relation to the main verb of the sentence, but are 

 often best translated simply as participles. Four such subordinating 

 suffixes have been found : 



-da^{-t'a^), serving to subordinate the active forms of the aorist. 



-ma^, subordinating those of the passive aorist. 



-77 a^, subordinating all inferential forms in -¥. Periphrastic infer- 

 ential forms in elf and eifp' are treated like aorists, the form-giving 

 elements of such periphrases being indeed nothing but the second 

 person singular and plural aorist of ei- be. 



-¥i^ i-gi^), appended directly to the non-aorist stem, forming 

 dependent clauses of unfulfilled action, its most frequent use being 



§ 70 



