BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 195 



verb of saying, such as na(g)-, it is nearly always necessary to report 

 the exact words of the speaker. 



al-xl'^gi^n (1) xeheyigi'Vwana^ (2) I saw him (1) hurt him (2) 

 yoJdoija'^n (1) p'im (2) gaiVna^ (3) I know (1) that he has 



been eating (3) salmon (2) (literally, I-know-him salmon he- 



having-eaten) 

 al-xl'^xi (1) tlomoxanhanda^ (2) he saw me (1) strike you (pi.) (2) 

 al-xl'^gi^n (1) dal-yewe'ida^ (2) I saw him (1) run away (2) 



Not infrequently an adverb is to be considered the main predicate, 

 particularly when supported by the unanalyzable but probably 

 verbal form wala'^si{na^), while the main verb follows as a subordi- 

 nate clause. Compare such English turns as it is here that i saw 

 HIM, instead of here i saw him : 



erne' (1) waW'si (2) elfe'da' (3) I am (3) right (2) here (1) 



(literally, here it-is really [ ? ] that-I-am) 

 eme^ (1) wala'^si (2) eida'^ (3) you are (3) right (2) here (1) 

 TM} (1) wala'^si (2) l-Tclumanana'nliik'na^ (3) he had already 



fixed it for him (literally, already (1) it-was-really (2) that- 



he-had-fixed-it-f or-him (3) ) 



Examples of subordidates depending on predicatively used adverbs 

 without wala'^si are: 



a'nl^ (1) wana (2) eme^ (3) ne'ida^ (4) [it is] not (1) even (2) here 

 (3) that they did (4) (probably = even they did not get here) 

 61.3 

 Jiople'^n (1) f!d'"'S (2) Til's (3) loplot'a^ (4) it used to snow long 



ago (long ago [1] that snow [2] almost [3] stormed [4]) 

 all (1) Tie^-l-leme'JcIinda^ (2) [it is] right here (1) that I destroy 

 them (2) 108.20 

 An example of a subordinate depending on a demonstrative pro- 

 noun is: 



%'daga (1) yap!a (2) s'as'inlfa^ (3) that man is standing (literally, 

 [it is] that [1] man [2] that is standing [3]) 

 The form wdla'^sina^ is in all probability a third personal aorist 

 transitive subordinate form in -na^, as is shown by its use as a sub- 

 stantive verb for the third person when following an adverb, appar- 

 ently to supply the lack of a third person in the regular substantive 

 verb ei-: 



erne' (1) wala'sina' (2) a'lcla (3) he (3) is right (2) here (1) 



(literally, something like : [ it is] here that-it-really-is he) 

 ge (1) wala'^s'ina^ (2) he is over there (literally, [it is] there [1] 

 that-he-really-is [ 2]) 



§ 70 



