204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



The normal method of expressing purpose, as the last two examples 

 show, is by the use of an infinitive followed by the general locative 

 postposition ga^aH to, at. for. The infinitive, as its inclusion of the 

 object shows, preserves its verbal character almost completely, and 

 may itself govern another infinitive : 



Iclemnia' al-we'Jdalk'wd'^ to make it shine (literally, to-make-it 

 its-shining) 



Not a few infinitives have become more or less specialized as 

 regular nouns, though it is extremely doubtful if the transparently 

 verbal origin of such nouns is ever lost sight of. Such nouns are : 



p!ala'¥wa myth 50.4; 172.17 ts'.'ipna^x speech, oration (cf: 



ts'.'i'p'nan I shall make a 

 speech to them [146.11]) 



fge^mfga^mxgwa darkness sana'Vwa fight, battle 



gina'x passage-way 176.9 ts-'.e'^ma'x noise (cf. da°--ts!em- 



xde^ I hear a big noise 90.21) 



ye'Vsgwix sweat (cL ye'Vsgwade'' 

 I shall sweat [140.1]) 



PARTICIPLES (§§ 75-78) 

 § 75. General Remarks 



Participles are either active or passive, and may be formed with 

 considerable freedom from all verbs. They have not been found with 

 incorporated pronominal objects, the active participles being more 

 adjectival than verbal in character, while the passives naturally hardly 

 allow of their incorporation. The passive participle is often provided 

 with possessive affixes that correspond to the transitive subjects of 

 the finite verb; the active participle, on the other hand, undergoes 

 no modification for person, but, like any adjective, is brought in con- 

 nection with a particular person by the forms of the copula ei- be. 



§ 76. Active Participle in -t' 



This participle is formed by simply appending a -t\ one of the 

 characteristic adjectival suffixes, to the verb-stem. Inferential and 

 imperative -p'- of Class II intransitives disappears before this ele- 

 ment (e. g., se'nsanf whooping), but not the non-aoristic -p'-, which 

 is characteristic (see § 42, 1) of some of the verbs of the same class; 

 e. g., sana^p' fighttng (from *sana^p'f). Participles in -f never 

 denote particular action, but regularly indicate that the action predi- 



§ 75-76 



