BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN" LANGUAGES TAKELMA 205 



cated of a person is one that in a way marks him off from others, and 

 that may serve as a characteristic attribute. Not infrequently, there- 

 fore, a -f- participle has the value of a noun of agency; the fact, how- 

 ever, that it never appears with pronominal elements, but is always 

 treated as an adjective, demonstrates its attributive, non-substantival 

 character. It is possible to use it with a preceding nominal object, 

 so that sentences may result that seem to predicate a single act 

 definitely placed in time; yet an attributive shade of meaning always 

 remains. For example, wihin domf eWe^ (literally, my-mother hav- 

 ING-KILLED i-am) and wihin t'.omoma'^n both mean i killed my 

 MOTHER, but with a difference. The latter sentence simply states 

 the fact, the emphasis being on the act itself; the former sentence, 

 on the other hand, centers in the description of the subject as a matri- 

 cide, I am one WHO HAS KILLED HIS MOTHER. The latter sentence 

 might be a reply to a query like what did you do? the former, to 



WHO ARE YOU? 



Examples of -f participles are: 



igwi-na'V how constituted, of what kind? {gwi- [how, where] 

 + naY{hom. na- do, act]) 14.4, 9, 10; 15.6 

 ga-na't' of that kind, so in appearance 63.12; 192.7 

 wunV Tdeme^n I make him old (cf. wununfe^ I grow old) 

 fgd"- Jiaxa^V burnt field (not passive, but really = field that has 



at one time burned) 92.29 

 MIV elt'e^ I know how to sing (literally, singing I am) 

 yapla loJiont' elVe^ I have killed (many) people (literally, people 



causing [ or having caused]-to-die I am) 

 loho\' having died, dead 148.13 

 Jiawa'x-xiwW (it is) rotting 

 xuda'mV eit'e^ I am whistler 



ni'xa yi^lt' having copulated with his mother (insulting epithet 

 applied to Coyote) 86.5, 6, 16 



Examples of participles with lost -f have been given above (see 



§ 18). 



§ 77. Passive Participle ta -{a)k'w, -/^A-'w 



Nominal participial forms in -¥ " of passive signification can be freely 

 formed from all transitive verb-stems, the stem invariably undergoing 

 palatalization (see § 31). The suffix -¥" ordinarily requires a pre- 

 ceding connective -a- replaced, as usual, by an instrumental -i- in 

 such passive participles as are derived from verb-forms themselves 

 provided with -i-. Participles in -aV'' tend to be accented on the 



§ 77 



