BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN" LANGUAGES — TAKELMA 207 



As the last example shows, the indirective -s- of verbs with indirect 

 object is preserved in -ha¥^ participles (contrast milaY-lc' he loved 

 HER [inferential]). 



Participles of instrumental signification in -i^^''' are freely employed 

 to make up instrumental nouns, such as names of implements. 

 Examples are: 



do^F-sgu'HHF'' log-cut- with ( = saw) 



seH-wa-se^la'nidik''' black paint (writing) - therewith - painted 



(written) ( = pencil) 

 i-smi'lsmilik' "" (thing) swung ( = swing) 

 du¥'^-wa-sgu'H!iF'' dress-therewith-cut ( = scissors) 

 Tdwdl-ha^-sgeVsgigih'^ grass-up-pitched- with ( = pitchfork) 

 yap!a-wa-dd^mV¥'' people-therewith-killed, e. g., arrow, gun 

 da^ma'xaii al^-wa-xl'^Jc!i¥^ far therewith-seen, e. g., telescope 

 mulmili^F^ something to stir (mush) up with 



It is interesting to note that forms in -Z:'" may be formed from 

 the third person possessive of nouns, chiefly terms of relationship. 

 These are shown by the palatalized form of the stem to be morpholog- 

 ically identical with passive participles in -¥ ". Examples are : 



Noun Participle 



ts-.'ele'i his eye 86.7, 9 U'lele'ik'"^ eye-having 27.9 



ni'xa his mother 17.11 ; 126.7 ni'xaY^ he has a mother 

 ma'xa his father 17.12; 126.6 me'xak!^ he has a father 

 Ar'a^-Za'^^'i^.'i' his woman (178.8) VeHe'p'ilc.'ik'^ he has a wife 



142.6 

 taHd'piklP her husband 46.1 t.'iHe'p'ik.'ik'^ she has a hus- 

 band 



Such forms in -Z:'"" may well be compared to English adjectives of 

 participial form in -ed; e. g., left-handed, four-cornered. They 

 may be further adjectivalized by the addition of -af (see below, 

 § 108); e. g., me'xagwaf father-having. 



§ 78. Passive Participles in -xap' {-sap') 



Less common than passive participles in -(a)¥"' are certain forms 

 in -xap' {-sap'), which, like the former, show a palatalized form of 

 the stem, and seem to be identical in function with them. Like 

 -¥'^- participles, again, they may be provided mth possessive pro- 

 nominal suffixes, though these belong to another scheme of endings: 



gel-gula'¥a¥''-de^¥ my liked one, I like him { = gel-gula'xab-af¥) 

 gel-gula'¥a¥'^-da they like him { = gel-gula'xap') 



§ 78 



