BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 211 



small number of stems have been found that can, without the aid of 

 nominal (or verbal) derivative elements, be used as both nouns and 

 verbs. Such are: 



Noun Verb 



se'^'l black paint, \\Titing seH-a'md-a^n I paint it 



/le'^Z song 106.7; (164.16) M sing! (170.12) 



liw-a''^ naga'^^ he looked (per- liwila'u-Ve^ I looked (152.17) 



haps = his-look he-did) 55.6 (imperative Zm 14.11; [60.2]) 



duk'"' shirt 96.16 dl-duV"^ wear it! (55.9; 96.16) 



tlii'l gambling-sticks in grass- t'.u'ltfal-siniha^ let us gamble 



game at grass-game 31,9 



xle'^^p'' dough-like mass of %-xle'p!e'xlib-i^n I mash it into 



camass or fat dough (94.11) 



xan urine xala'xam-fe^ 1 urinate 



A number of cases have been found of stem + suffix serving as noun 

 and verb (e. g., wuHJia^m menstrual "round" dance 100.10, 16: 

 wuHha'mt'e^ i shall have first courses 162.7, 8); but in these it 

 is probable that the verb is a secondary derivative of the noun. 

 Even in the first two examples given above, a difference in pitch- 

 accent serves to distinguish the noun from the verb-stem: Tiel-gidu'Y'^ 

 he will sing, but he' ''I gel-gulu'¥"' he likes, desires, a song. The 

 use of a stem as both noun and verb in the same sentence may 

 lead to such cognate accusative constructions as the English to live 



A LIFE, dream a DREAM : 



se'^l-se^la'msi write to me! 



du^gwi'^ dl-du^gwa^n¥ she shall wear her skirt 55.9 



If we anal3''ze noun forms like t!%bagwa'nt'¥ my pancreas and 

 da^-nxde^V my ear, we find it necessary to consider five more or less 

 distinct elements that go to make up a noun with possessive suffix, 

 though all of these but the radical portion of the word may be absent. 



First of all we have the stem (t.'iha-; dd^-) which may or may 

 not be similar in form to a verbal base, and which occurs either as 

 an absolute noun unprovided with a pronominal suffix (body-part 

 nouns and terms of relationship, however, do not ordinarily appear in 

 their naked stem-form) , or as an incorporated noun; e. g., tliha-wesin 



1 AM PANCREAS-DEPRIVED, MY PANCREAS HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM ME. • 



Appended to the stem are the purely derivational or formative 

 elements of the noun. Takelma is characterized rather by a paucity 

 than an abundance of such elements, a very large proportion of its 

 nouns being primitive, i. e., non-derivative, in character. Of the 



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