BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 227 



§ 89 » 3. Noun- Char aeteristics and Pre-Pronomiual -x- 



As noun-characteristics are used four elements: -{a)n (including 

 -am and -al), -a-, -i-, and -u-. Although each noun, in so far as it 

 has any noun-characteristic, is found, as a rule, to use only one of 

 these elements, no rule can be given as to which of them is to be 

 appended to any given noun. Nouns in suffixed -{a)n, or -{a)m,, for 

 example, are found with characteristic -i- (hu'^hin-i- [from hu^-ba'n 

 arm]), -a- Qie^lam-a- [from heHa^'m board]), -(a)n (gulm-an- [from 

 gula^m oak]), and without characteristic (bo'¥dan-x-de¥ my neck 

 [homhoTdan 15.12, 15]). 



1. -{a)n. Examples of this characteristic element are : 

 gwit!i-n- Avrist (cf. variant gwitH-u-) 



tlihagw-Sin- pancreas 45.15; 46.5 (absolute tHha^lc'^ 47.17) 



da^madagw-Sin- shoulder 



leTc'w-an- rectum 



daP'-n-x- ear 14.4; 15.13 (incorporated dd'^-) 



tsld^w-a-n- lake, deep water 59.16 (absolute ts.'du 162.9; 166.15) 



gulm-Q,n- oak (absolute gula^m) 



hoh-in- ^ alder 94.17 (absolute ho^p') 



Its phonetic reflexes -al and -am occur in : 



s-o«m-al- mountam 124.2; 152.2 (absolute s-om 43.6; 122.16) 



<Zd«m-al- testicles 130.8 (absolute do^'m 130.20) 



tsld'^m-sd- (in Dalc'-ts.'d'^mula'^ ELlamath Indian, parallel to 



Da¥-ts Jd^wana'^) 

 gwdH-Sbm- trail 48.6, 8; 96.8, 9 (absolute gwdn 148.7) 

 xdH-am- urine (absolute xdn) 



-am- is also found, though without apparent phonetic reason, in xd"- 

 Jiam- BACK (incorporated xd'^-). Certain nouns add -g- before taking 

 -an- as their characteristic: 



wax-gan- creek (absolute wa'^x) 



del-gan-(x-) anus 45.9; 72.10; 94.15 



hil-gan-{x-) breast 



geJ^gan- breast (cf. variant gel-x-) 



2. -a-. More frequently occurring than -(a)n- is -a-, examples of 

 which are: 



dana,- rock (absolute da^n 17.8; dal-am- as possible variant in 



place-name Dl-dala'^m, over the rocks [?]) 

 e?/-a- canoe 112.6; 114.5, 13; 156.2 (cf. variant ei-x-) 

 fgwan-Sb- slave (absolute t'gwa^n 13.12) 

 JieHam-Q,- board 55.8, 10 (absolute TieHa\n 176.5) 

 yd'^k!w-2i- bone 186.1; 196.17 (absolute yo'^F'^) 



» This word happened to occur with following emphatic yd'a, so that it is probably umlauted from bob-an-. 



§ 89 



