BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 241 



5, Local Phrases (§§ 94-06) 



§ 94. GENERAL REMARKS 



Local phrases without possessive pronouns (i. e., of the type in the 

 HOUSE, ACROSS THE river) may be constructed in three ways. 



A local element with third personal possessive suffix may be used 

 to define the position, the noun itself appearing in its absolute form 

 as an appositive of the incorporated pronominal suffix: 



da'n gwelda" rock under-it (i. e., under the rock) 



da'n Jianda through the rock 



dan Tid'^^yd^da around the rock 



dan da^oldl'^da near the rock 



dan ge'lda in front of the rock 



dan di'mda behind the rock 



There is observable here, as also in the method nearly always employed 

 to express the objective and genitive relations, the strong tendency 

 characteristic of Takelma and other American languages to make the 

 personal pronominal affixes serve a purely formal purpose as substi- 

 tutes for syntactic and local cases. 



The second and perhaps somewhat more common method used to 

 build up a local phrase is to prefix to the noun a pre-positive, the 

 noun itself appearing in the form it assumes before the addition of 

 the normal pronominal suffixes (Schemes II and III) . Thus some of 

 the preceding local phrases might have been expressed as : 



gwel-dana'^ under the rock 



Jian-dana'^ tlu-ough the rock 



Tid'^^ya-dana'^ around the rock 



gel-dana" in front of the rock 



di^-dana^ behind the rock 

 These forms have at first blush the appearance of prepositions fol- 

 lowed by a local case of the noun, but we have already seen this 

 explanation to be inadmissible. 



A tbird and very frequent form of local phrase is the absolute 

 noun followed by a postposition. The chief difference between 

 this and the preceding method is the very considerable amount 

 of individual freedom that the postposition possesses as contrasted 

 with the rigidly incorporated pre-positive. The majority of the 

 postpositions consist of a pre-positive preceded by the general 

 demonstrative ga- that, da'n gada^V over the rock is thus really 

 to be analyzed as rock that-over, an appositional type of local 

 3045°— Bull. 40, pt 2—12 16 § 94 



