BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 251 



m. The Pronoun (§§ 103-105) 

 § 103. Indexyeiident Personal I*ronoiins 



The independent personal pronouns of Takelma, differing in this 

 respect from what is found to be true of most American languages, 

 show not the slightest etymological relationship to any of the various 

 pronominal series found incorporated in noun and verb, except in so 

 far as the second person plural is formed from the second person sin- 

 gular by the addition of the element -y that we have found to be 

 characteristic of ever}^ second person plural in the language. The 

 forms, which may be used both as subjects and objects, are as 

 follows : 



Singular: First person, g% 56.10; 122.8; second person, ma^ (md"-) 

 26.7; 98.8; third person, a¥ 27.5; 156.12. Plural: Fhst person, 

 go^m 30.5; 150.16; second person, map'; third person di 49.11; 

 xilamana' 27.10; 56.1 



Of the two third personal plural pronouns, di is found most fre- 

 quently used with post-positive elements; e. g., dyd'°' just they 

 (= di yd'"") 160.6; d'^ya" they (= di-^a^) 49.11. When unaccom- 

 panied by one of these, it is generally pluralized: d'ifan (see § 99). 

 The second, xilamana^, despite its four syllables, has not in the 

 slightest yielded to analysis. It seems to be but little used in normal 

 speech or narrative. 



All the pronouns may be emphasized by the addition of -wi^ (see 

 §101), the deictic -^a^ (see §102), or the post-positive particles ^/a'** 

 and enclitic -hi and -s'i^ (see § 114, 1, 2, 4): 



mayd''^ just you 196.2 



ma'Jii you yourself 



diTiV tiiey themselves 104.13 (cf. 152.20) 



gl^s'i'^ I in my turn 47.14; 188.8; (cf. 61.9) 



A series of pronouns denoting the isolation of the person is formed 

 by the addition of -da^x or -da'^xi ( = -da^x + -hi) to the forms given 

 above: 



gPda'^x{i) only I 



'md°-da'^x{i) you alone 



d¥da'x{i) all by himself 61.7; 90.1; 142.20; 144.6 



gd'^mda'^x{i) we alone 



mdp'da^x{i) you people alone 



dida'^x{i) they alone 138.11 



§ 103 



