252 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



The third personal pronouns are not infrequently used with pre- 

 ceding demonstratives: 



Tid'^ga (or I'daga) aYda^x that one by himself {a.Y used here 

 apparently as a peg for the suffixed element -da^x by one's self) 

 hd^d'it'an and Ida^d'it'an those people 



lid^- and Ida-, it should be noted, are demonstrative stems that occur 

 only when compounded with other elements. 



The independent possessive pronouns (it is) mine, thine, his, 

 OURS, YOURS, are expressed by the possessive forms of the substan- 

 tival stem ais'- having, belonging, property: a-is'de'¥ it is mine 

 23.2; 154.18, 19, 20; a-is'de" yours; a'-is'da his 23.2, 3; (156.7) 

 and so on. These forms, though strictly nominal in morphology, 

 have really no greater concreteness of force than the English transla- 

 tions MINE, thine, and so on. 



§104, Demonstrative 'Pronouns and Adver'bs 



Four demonstrative stems, used both attributively and substan- 

 tively, are found: a-, ga, Ida-, and Jbd'^^-. Of these only ga that 

 occurs commonly as an independent word ; the rest, as the first ele- 

 ments of composite forms. The demonstratives as actually found 

 are: 



Indefinite, (/a that 60.5; 61.2; 110.4; 194.4,5 

 Near first, a'ga this 44.9; 186.4; all this here 110.2; 188.20 

 Near second. I'daga that 116.22; Idali that there 55.16 

 Near third. lid'°^^ga that yonder 186.5; lidHl that over there 



a- has been found also as correlative to ga- with the forms of na{g)- 

 DO, say: 



ana^ne^x like this 176.13 (ga-na^ne^x that wa}^, thus 114.17; 



122.20) 

 ana^na'H" it will be as it is now cf. 152.8 {ga-na^na'H' it will be 



that way) 



perhaps also in: 



ada'fwi^ everywhere ( = adaH ' this way, hither [see § 112,1] + -wi'^ 

 every) 30.12; 74.2; 120.13 



Ida- (independently 46.5; 47.5; 192.6) seems to be itself a compound 

 element, its first syllable being perhaps identifiable with ^- hand. 

 Ida^d'ifan and lid°-^d'it'an, referred to above, are in effect the sub- 

 stantive plurals of I'daga and hd'^^ga. Tid"-^- as demonstrative pro- 

 noun is doubtless identical with the local M"^- yonder, beyond, 

 found as a prefix in the verb. 

 § 104 



