BOAS] HANDBOOK OP INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 253 



By far the most commonly used of the demonstratives is that of 

 indefinite reference, ga. It is used as an anaphoric pronoun to refer 

 to both things and persons of either number, also to summarize a pre- 

 ceding phrase or statement. Not infrequently the translation that 

 or THOSE is too definite; a word of weaker force, like it, better 

 serves the purpose. The association of %'daga and lid'°'^ga with spa- 

 cial positions corresponding to the second and third persons respec- 

 tively does not seem to be at all strong, and it is perhaps more accu- 

 rate to render them as that right around there and that yonder. 

 Differing fundamentally in this respect from adjectives, demonstra- 

 tive pronouns regularly precede the noun or other substantive ele- 

 ment they modify: 



a'ga sgi'si this coyote 108.1 



i'daga yapla" that person 



ga ^aldil all that, all of those 47.12 



A demonstrative pronoun may modify a noun that is part of a local 

 phrase : 



%'daga Jie^^^s' o^maH beyond that mountain 122,22; 124.1 

 Corresponding to the four demonstrative pronoun-stems are four 

 demonstrative adverb-stems, derived from the former by a change 

 of the vowel -a- to -e-: e-, ge, %de-, and Tie^^-. Just as ga that was 

 found to be the only demonstrative freely used as an independent 

 pronoun, so ge there, alone of the four adverbial stems, occurs outside 

 of compounds, e-, %de-, and lie^^-, however, are never compounded 

 with ge, as are a-, Ida-, and Tia^^- with its pronominal correspondent 

 ga; a fifth adverbial stem of demonstrative force, me^ (hither as 

 verbal prefix), takes its place. The actual demonstrative adverbs 

 thus are: 



Indefinite, ge there 64.6; 77.9; 194.11 



Near first, eme'^ here 112.12, 13; 194.4; me^- hither 



Near second. I'deme^ right around there 46.15 



Near third, lie'^^me^ yonder 31.13 



Of these, me^-, the correlative of lie^^-, can be used independently 

 when followed by the local -al : me'^al on this side, hither wards 

 58.9; 160.4. lie^^- away, besides frequently occurring as a verbal 

 prefix, is found as a component of various adverbs : 



Tie^dada'^, Tie^da'^ over there, away from here, off 46.8; 194.10 



he"ne' then, at that time 120.2; 146.6; 162.3 



he'^da'V on that side, toward yonder § 104 



