BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKEL.MA 261 



their pre-pronominal form (-x). The fact that these various 

 -gwaY forms, despite their at least apparent diversity of origin, 

 clearly form a unit as regards signification, suggests an ultimate 

 identity of the noun reflexive -gwa (and therefore verbal 

 indirect reflexive -gwa-) with the passive participial -V"". The 

 -gwa- of forms in -x-gwat' is not quite clear, but is perhaps to 

 be identified with the comitative -gwa- of the verb. An 

 adjective like yu'1c!al-x-gwaf teeth-having presents a parallel- 

 ism to a verbal participle like daV-llm-x-gwaV with (tree) 

 FALLING OVER ONE (from aorist da¥-limim-x-gwa-de^ i am with 

 IT falling over me, see § 46) that is suggestive of morphologic 

 identity. Examples of -gwaY adjectives are: 



waya'uxagwa.V having daughter-in-law 56.10 (cf. waya'uxagwa 



her own daughter-in-law) 

 t'gwana't'gwsit' slave-having (cf. t'gwana't'gwa his own slave) 

 Da-t'dn-eld'H'gwat'^ Squirrel-Tongued (literally, in-mouth squirrel 



his-tongue having [name of Coyote's daughter]) 70.6; 72.4; 



75.11 

 ni'xagwa,V mother-having (cf. ni'xaV'^ mothered) 

 we'a;agwat' father-having (cf. me'xa¥'^ fathered) 

 ¥eHe'])'igigwa,V wife-having (cf. VeHe'p'igiF"^ wived 142.6) 

 gu^xgwsi't' wife-having 128.4 (cf. gu^-x-de^h' my wife 142.9) 

 dagaxgwsi^V head-having (cf. da'g-ax-deV my head 90.13) 

 ts- !u'lxg\va,t' having Indian money (cf. ts'.'u^lx Indian money 



14.13) 

 A form with -gwaf and the copula ei- (for persons other than the 



third) takes the place in Takelma of the verb have : 

 ts'Iu'lxgwaf eit'e^ I have money (literally money-having or 



moneyed I-am 

 ts' !ulx-gwaY he has money 

 Aside from the fact that it has greater individuality as a distinct 



phonetic unit, the post-positive wa'¥^^ without is the mor- 

 phologic correlative of -gwaf having: 

 dagax wa'k'i^ elV head without you-are 

 da'gaxgwat' eif head-having you-are 



Similarly : 



nixa wa'Vi^ elt'e^ mother without I-am 

 ni'xagwaf eife^ mother-having I-am 



1 The fact that this form has a body-part prefix (da- mouth) seems to imply its verbal (participial) 

 character, -t'gwat' in it, and forms lilie it, may have to be analyzed, not as -t'gioa his 0"vvn4- -t', but rather 

 as -t' Bis+-gtva- having+-<'. In other words, from a noini-phrase t'dn cla'a (older eld'af) squieeel his. 

 Tongue may be theoretically formed a comitative intransitive with prefix: * da-i'dn-cla'af-gwade^ I am 

 HAVING SQUiEEEL's TONGUE IN MY MOUTH, of which the text-form is the participle. This explanation has 

 (.he adyantage over the one given above of putting forms in -'t'gwat' and 'xgwat' on one line; ef . also 73.15. 



§ 108 



