BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 271 



3, Negative and affirmative adverbs: 



Mt' no 134.19, 21 



^a'-u yes 24.13; 64.1; 170.12 



a'nl' not (with aorist) 23.3, 6; 64.3; 78.1 



a'ndi not? 56.10; 90.26 (e. g., a'ndi ¥ai are there not any?) 56.8 



m* not? (with following subordinate): s'-nl'^ naga' shinda^ didn't 



I tell you? 136.10 

 naga-di" do (you) not? 116.12 

 wede not (with inferential and potential) 25.13; 122.22, 23 



4. Modal adverbs: 



hono'^ (rarely heard as Jiono^n 74,8; this is very likely its origi- 

 nal form, cf. -^n for -^ne, § 112, 3) again, too, also 22.4; 58.5; 

 134.1 

 gran^a only 54.4; 94.5; ganga'-M &nyhow 94:.8; li2.13 ; gangci-s'i'^ 



just so, for fun 

 •wam^ even 47.10; 61.3; 71.8; 76.4; 186.2 

 yaxd'"wa however (cf. yaxa, § 114, 9; for -waci.gl'^^wa, § 113, 1) 



72.11; 74.15 

 Jia'ga explanatory particle used with inferential 28.10; 45.11 



(e. g., ga Tiaga wa'W yu'V so that one was really he 170.8) 

 nakla" in every way, of all sorts (e. g., ¥adi' nakta ^a'nl^ Igl'^nan 

 what kind was not taken?, i. e., every kind was taken 60.11) 

 yeiyg perhaps 136.23; 180.8; 196.18 

 s-o^, s'o^^ perfectly, well 136.20; 166.1 (e. g., s'o'^ de^gwa'lt gvoV-y^ 



take good care of yourself! 128.24) 



amadi' (s-i^) would that! 142.10 (e. g., amadi's-i^ t'.omoma'^n I 



wish I could kill him; amadi loho'^^ would that he died! 196.2) 



wi'sa^m (cf. wis, § 114, 8) I wonder if 150.2, 3 (e. g., mi* wi'sa^m 



ya'^ I wonder if he went already) 



It is a characteristic trait of Takelma, as of many other American 



languages, that such purely modal ideas as the optative (would 



that!) and dubitative (i wonder if) are expressed by independent 



adverbs without modification of the indicative verb-form (cf. further 



wi^obilia'n ye^wa'H" wi'sa^m my-elder-brothers they-will-return 



I-WONDER-IF 150.2, 3). 



Several of the adverbs listed above can be used relatively with 

 subordinates, in which use they may be looked upon as conjunctive 

 adverbs : 



lo^-gwan^ (1) yoFnia'-uda^ (2) hai-yeweya'V^ (3) as soon as(l) 



they went (2), she took him out again (3) 128.20 

 yewe (1) xebe^yagwanaga' m (2) yewe (3) wd'°'da (4) liiwili'^^ (5) 

 perhaps (1) that we destroy him (2), perhaps (3) he runs (5) 



1 Probably compounded of 63" now and gan{i) now, then, and then. 



§ 113 



