272 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



to her (4) ( = should we destroy him, perhaps he would run to 

 her) 

 waya' (1) he^ne" (2) de-k'iwi'WauTcwamna^ (3) ga (4) na^na¥i¥ 

 (5) just as (2) a knife (1) is brandished (3), that (4) he did 

 with it (5) 172.12 (cf. he^ne" in its meaning of like, §112, 3) 



§ 114, Particles 



By particles are nere meant certain uninflected elements that have 

 little or no meaning of their own, but that serve either to connect 

 clauses or to color by some modal modification the word to which 

 they are attached. They are never met with at the beginning of a 

 clause or sentence, but occur only postpositively, generally as enclitics. 

 Some of the elements listed above as modal adverbs (§ 113, 4) might 

 also be considered as syntactic particles (e. g., wana, lia'ga, naJcIa^, 

 which never stand at the beginning of a clause); these, however, 

 show no tendency to be drawn into the verb-complex. Whenever 

 particles qualify the clause as a whole, rather than any particular 

 word in the clause, they tend to occupy the second place in the sen- 

 tence, a tendency that, as we have seen (p. 65), causes them often 

 to be inserted, but not organically incorporated, into the verb- 

 complex. The most frequently occurring particles are those listed 

 below : 



1. yd'" JUST. This element is not dissimilar in meaning to the 



post-nominal emphasizing -^a^ (§ 102), but differs from it in 

 that it may be embedded in the verb-form : 

 l-yd'^-sge^fsgaY he just twisted it to one side 31.5 

 It only rarely follows a verb-form, however, showing a strong 

 tendency to attach itself to denominating terms. Though 

 serving generally to emphasize the preceding word, it does not 

 seem to involve, like -^a^, the idea of a contrast : 



xd^-xo yd'°' right among firs (cf, 94.17) 



lie'ne ya'" just then, then indeed 63.13; 128.22; 188.1, 18 



do'^mxhin yd'"' I shall just kill you 178.15 



It has at times a comparative force: 



gi^ yd'"- na^nada'^ you will be, act, just like me (cf. 196.2) 



2. hi. This constantly occurring enclitic is somewhat difficult to 



define. With personal pronouns it is used as an emphatic 

 particle: 



ma' hi you yourself (cf. 104.13; 152.20 



§ 114 



