BOAS] HANDBOOK OF USTDIAN LANGUAGES — TAKELMA 277 



often does not seem to imply more than simple existence or 

 action unaccompanied and undisturbed. It is found often 

 with the scarcely translatable adverb ganga only, in wliich 

 case the idea of unvaried continuance comes out rather 

 strongly, e.g.: 



ga'-7ii yaxa ganga naga'^^ that-indeed continually only he-said 

 (i. e., he always kept saying that) 24.15 



From ganga it differs in the fact that it is often attracted into 

 the verb-complex: 



ganga ge'l-yaxa-Tiewe'Jiau only he-is-continually-thinking (i. e., he 

 is always thinking) (cf. 128.18; 146.15) 



10. tvala'^isina^) really, come to find out 45.11; 170.8. As 



indicated in the translation, wala'^ indicates the more or less 

 unexpected resolution of a doubt or state of ignorance: 



ga Tiagawala'^ wili wa^-l-t!a'niV that-one so really house he-kept- 

 it (i. e., it was Spear-shaft himself who kept house, no one else) 

 28.10 



Certain usages of wala'^si(na^) , evidently an amplification of 

 wala'^, have been already discussed (§ 70). 



11. di INTERROGATIVE. The interrogative enclitic is consistently 



used in all cases where an interrogative shade of meaning is 

 present, whether as applying to a particular word, such as an 

 interrogative pronoun or adverb, or to the whole sentence. 

 Its use in indirect questions is frequent : 



man fi'h mixal di" tlomomana'^ he-counted gophers how-many 

 had-been-killed 



The use of the interrogative is often merely rhetorical, imply- 

 ing an emphatic negative: 



¥a-di' ina will wa^-%-t!a'nida^ literally, what you house you-will- 

 keep? ( = you shall not keep house) 27.16; (cf. 33.1; 47.9) 



Ordinarily di occupies the second place in the sentence, less fre- 

 quently the third: 



yu'ldalxde^ mi^ di' ^a'nl^ VaH your- teeth now (inter.) not any 

 (i. e., have you no teeth?) 128.23 



Besides these syntactically and modally important enclitic par- 

 ticles, there are a few proclitics of lesser significance. Among these 

 are to be included ml^ now and gane then, and then, which, though 

 they have been included among the temporal adverbs and may 



§ 114 



