BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES COOS 323 



§ 20. Privative k*!a- 



It has the same function as the English suffix -less. With the 

 possessive pronoun, it expresses absence (p. 399). 



%l k'Idtdwd'l they (have) no fire 38.1 



k'Id'tetcmi'lat (she) swam around naked (lit., without clothes) 86.1 

 h' Idhuwd'was mUsiHfi'ye suddenly she became pregnant (literally, 

 without delay she became pregnant) 10.7 



§ 21. Advei'Mal jx- 



This prefix may be rendered by in, at, to, on, with. When pre- 

 ceded by the article or those pronouns that end in a vowel, it is suf- 

 fixed to them, and the unit thus obtained is looseh^ prefixed to the 

 noun. The same rule applies to the discriminative and modal x-. 



ai'wU Ie md nhltd'yas he killed (all) the people in the village 



112.9, 10 

 d'yu yu'kwe Idn yixd'wEx surely he came ashore at his house (and 



not Id nyixd'wEx) 36. 6 

 Lowi'tat Tie cU'lol Idl nmVk'e ran the young man to that basket 



28.27 

 nxala'wts la^ he'laq with heat she arrived 24.9 



n- in the sense of with very often exercises the function of our 

 auxiliary verb to have, to be. In such cases the noun to which it is 

 prefixed takes the verbal suffix -e or -a (see § 44). 



min'ttne Id k^hd'yeq his excrements are bloody (literally, with 



blood [are] his excrements) 20.6, 7 

 is nhumd'k'ehe we two have wives (literally, we two with wives 



are) 10.9 

 nd°"nt md la^ tdpd'ya^ nkld'ha many people have braided ropes 



(literally, many people those braided with ropes are) 46.8, 9 

 ntda'ha dlH animals (lit., with "walkers" something [that is]) 46.1 



§ 22. Locative x- 



The prefix x- signifies from. 



xqantc la^ sl'^'t^tsa from where that one scented it 22.24 

 xqal tqanhts from below he strikes it 28. 1 



When prefixed to nouns, the nouns usually take the adverbial suffix 

 -eHc IN (see § 67). 



xkwtle'LeHc iQ^djl 1 came from the sweat-house (literally, from in 

 the sweat-house I came) 



§§ 20-22 



