352 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



The personal pronouns for the objective third persons dual and 

 plural always precede the subjective pronouns. 



ux 'Q^td'hits them two I hit il e^ to' hits them you hit 



The suffixes for the combined pronouns are added either directly to 

 the bare verbal stem or to the verb amplified by the transitive -t and 

 -ts. This double system of adding the suffixes for the combined pro- 

 nouns to the verb serves as a means of differentiating the duration of 

 the action indicated by the verb. The bare verbal stem amplified by 

 the pronominal suffixes denotes an action that has been performed 

 more than once, or that has not yet been completed; while the verbs 

 to which the pronominal suffixes are added after the transitive suffixes 

 indicate actions that have been performed only once, or that are com- 

 pleted. The same purpose is served by the double forms of the com- 

 bined pronoun having the third person as its subject. The suffix -il is 

 always added to the verbal stem; while -u is suffixed to the stem, in 

 addition to the transitive suffixes. It must be understood, however, 

 that this interpretation of the double system of adding the combined 

 pronominal suffixes does not apply to each individual case. Verbs 

 with the pronominal suffixes added to the bare stem are frequently 

 employed to denote past, completed actions, and vice versa. 



nE'xkan e^ioUafmi I am look- e^-wiluwitaf m% I have looked 



ing for you for you 



e^wiwlna/mi I am cheating e^wVntsafim I have cheated 



you you 



^hlvnna'is you were shooting ^h!vnntd!%s you took a shot 



at me at me 



e^sqaJis you were seizing me e^sqatsafis you seized me 



'Qjclvn'ml he was shooting at Tihlwi'ntu he shot at me 



me 



The imperative transitive pronouns have been described in § 43. 

 They are -Em to me, -e%s me. 



§ 47. Transitive Verbs in -aya 



Language in general has a number of verbal ideas, which, strictly 

 speaking, do not imply any actions on the part of the subject; or de- 

 note actions, that, while intransitive, may be performed for the benefit of 

 or in connection with a certain given object. Verbs like to know, to 



UNDERSTAND, TO DESIRE, TO BELIEVE, TO WATCH, TO BE AFRAID, ctC, 

 §47 



