BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES SIUSLAWAN 459 



§ 18. GRAMMATICAL PROCESSES 



All grammatical categories and syntactic relations are expressed in 

 Siuslaw by one of the following four processes: 



(1) Prefixation. 



(2) Suffixation. 



(3) Reduplication. 



(4) Phonetic changes. 



Prefixation as a means of expressing grammatical categories is 

 resorted to in only two instances. Almost all grammatical ideas are 

 expressed by means of suffixes. A singular trait of the suffixes in 

 Siuslaw is presented by the fact that the adverbial suffixes are added 

 to the locative form of the noun and must precede the pronominal 

 suffixes. Reduplication is practically confined to the formation of 

 intensive and durative actions; while phonetic changes are emplo3'ed 

 for the purpose of forming the discriminative case and of expressing 

 duration and intensity of action. 



§ 19. IDEAS EXPRESSED BY GRAMMATICAL PROCESSES 



By far the majority of stems that constitute the Siuslaw vocabulary 

 are neutral, receiving their respective nominal or verbal significance 

 from the functional character of the suffix that is added to them. All 

 stems expressing our adjectival ideas are in reality intransitive verbs. 



Of the two prefixes employed as a means of expressing grammatical 

 categories, one indicates relationship, while the other points out the 

 performer of an action. 



The suffixes are overwhelmingly verbal in character; that is to say, 

 the3^ indicate ideas of action and kindred conceptions. Hence they 

 are employed for the purpose of expressing activit}^, causation, 

 reciprocity, the passive voice, the imperative and exhortative modes, 

 etc. The pronouns denoting both subject and object of an action are 

 indicated by suffixes, as are also the possessive relations that ma}"" 

 exist between the object of a sentence and its subject. All temporal 

 ideas are conveyed by means of suffixes, and Siuslaw shows a remark- 

 able development of this category, having distinct suffixes that 

 express inception, termination, frequenc}^ duration, intention of 

 performing an action, as well as the present, future, and past tenses. 

 Other ideas that are expressed by means of verbal suffixes are mainly 



§§ 18-19 



