484 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 4C 



a second person, regardless of number. The suffix expressing the 

 same idea with the third person as the indirect object has been dis- 

 cussed in § 30. The pronominal suffixes denoting the subject of the 

 action and its relation to the direct object are the same as those used 

 in connection with the suffix -uts (see § 29). The verbal stem to which 

 this suffix is added has frequently terminal reduplication. 



hamx- to tie 8.fi haman' xEmtsanx 1 tie it on thee 



wax- to give 18.2 qna'hamts^nx wd'xa^sEynts to thee 



I will keep on giving it 44.15 

 wdxa'xEmtsanxm they gave it to 

 me 

 hltsa^' he put it on hltsa'yEmtsanx qnlxHs you put it 



on me 

 s^a'sin UyatsVtsEmts he put it on 



me 

 s^a's^nx hltsa'yEmts he put it on 

 thee 

 a^q- to leave 56.5 a^qa'qEintsin he left it to me 



wax- to give 18.2 wdxaJ xEmtsanx td'la he gives thee 



money 



Indicative Suffixes Expressing Possessive Interrelations Between Object 

 and Subject (§§ 32-37) 



§ 32. Introductory 



The phenomenon of expressing possessive interrelations between 

 object and subject of a sentence through the medium of distinct suf- 

 fixes is by no means of uncommon occurrence in the American Indian 

 languages.^ From a logical point of view such a formation is per- 

 fectly justifiable, and may be said to have its origin in the actual 

 difference that exists between the concept of an act performed upon a 

 given object and the conveying of the same act performed upon 

 an object that stands in some relation to the subject of the sentence. 

 Thus the English sentence I whip my horse states a fact that is 

 fundamentally different from the sentence I whip the horse, in so 

 far as it expresses, besides the act performed by the subject upon the 

 object, also the possessive relation that exists between object and sub- 

 ject. In the Indo-European languages, in which each idea maintains 

 an independent position in a complex of grammatical concepts, such 



' See, for example, Sioux, Chinook, Kutenai. 



§ 32 



