494 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN" ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



'Umx: has the same function as -IrriE, and is used in connection with 

 similar verbal stems. It differs from it only in so far as it is added 

 directly to the stem. An explanation of the parallel occurrence of 

 -ume and -a^niE has been given in § 2. 



wax- to give 18.2 tE'\i%n toaxa^'iuE what do you give 



me (literally, something to me, 

 it is given?) 18.2 

 qam'nal waxa^'manx a big knife is 

 given to you 21.4 



pl'u- to be noisy 36.24 wa} yoP^'xa^ tEq H pi' urns they 



made noise with everything (lit- 

 erally, although many things 

 [they have], still it is made noise 

 with) 29.1 



§ 39. Passive Suffixes Denoting Possessive lielations of tJie Sub- 

 ject -ultx, -xamltx 



These suffixes express, besides the passive voice, also the fact that 

 the recipient of the action is either possessed or forms an integral 

 part of a given object. 



-ultx seems to be composed of the suffix -ul, which indicates that 

 the object forms an integral part of or is possessed by another object 

 (see § 36), and of the suffix -tx^ denoting that the object is an integral 

 part of the subject (see § 33). If this is the origin of the compound 

 suffix, the amalgamation of these two independent suffixes into one 

 new formative element that expresses the passive voice, and at the 

 same time contains the idea of a possessive relation between object 

 (grammatical subject) and object, presents a problem that must remain 

 unexplained. The person of the possessed subject is indicated by the 

 suffixed subjective pronouns (see § 24). The stem to which this suffix 

 is added occurs frequently in an amplified form (see § 112). Stems 

 ending in i (short or long) change it into y before adding the passive 

 suffix (see § 8). 



lak^- to take, to get 7.5 Tcumi'ntd^ax lakwa'ultx ants ql'utc 



not their (dual) were taken, 

 those wives 50.22 

 lakwa'ultxa^x ta'td^ax ql'utc taken 

 away were these their (dual) 

 wives 52.3, 4 



ij 39 



