512 BUKEAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 40 



tutc- to spear 02.2 t°ioatca!a^ it will be speared 62. S 



lak^- to get 7.5 humi' ntc^nx txu lakwa'a^^ tuha'- 



a^nx yaP-'xa not for nothing they 

 will get you, they will buy you 

 big (literally", not you just taken 

 will be, bought you will be 

 much) 74.16, 17 



§ 57. Past Passive -xamyax 



This suffix is (loosely) composed of the present passive -xam (see 

 § 55) and of the suffix for the past tense -yax (see § 74). 



(jnu- to find 56.9 iAmnd\ qn'^^ wa' xamyax elk was 



found 84.12, 13 

 lak^- to seize 7.5 ants Mtc lokwl' xamyax that man 



(who) was seized 60.12 

 s^a'^sa thus 11.10 s^atsl' xamyax thus it was (done) 



32.16 

 hiql- to start 15.1 s^a'tsa Jdq! a' xamyax thus it was 



started 32.16 



xau' he died 40.21 xa'^wl' xamyax he was killed 29.6 



That the composition of this suffix is felt to be rather loose ma}" be 

 best inferred from the fact that the sign of the past {-yax) may pre- 

 cede the passive suffix -xam^ as is shown in the following instances: 



cfi'nm- to think 60.21 ci'?i*a!^«ir(2ms^«M7c it was thought 



thus 27.6 

 li-u}- (?) to lose hu^'yaxan (I) got lost 68.2 



yah.'l'tc- in pieces 96.11 yak /Ucya' xam xwd'katc into pieces 



was (cut) his head 29.4, 5 

 tc/ha^c- to be glad 27.1 tdlia^cya'xam wan gladness was 



felt now 23.3 



In all these instances the suffix -yaxam. has resulted from an origi- 

 nal -yaxxam (see § 15). 



§ 58, Passive Verbs in -utn- (-a^tn-), -u'nE (-aii'nE) 



These suffixes are extensively employed in the formation of the 

 passive voice; alone they do not express any particular tense. 

 They maj^ be added either directly to the stem, or to the stem ver- 

 balized by means of the suffix -a^ (see § 75). The subjective suffixes 

 are added to these suffixes by means of a weak vowel (see § 4); but 

 since the third person singular has no distinct form, and as clusters of 



§§ 57-58 



