516 BUEEAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



Modal Elements of the Imperative and Exhortative Modes (§§ 60-64) 

 § 60. Introductory 



Attention has been called in § 40 to the variety of suffixes that are 

 emplo3xd in Siuslaw for the purpose of expressing the imperative 

 mode. By far the majority of these suffixes indicate, besides the im- 

 perative idea, also pronominal and possessive interrelations between 

 subject and object. These have been treated as primarily objective 

 forms, and have been f ull}^ discussed in § § 40-48. In the following 

 sections only such suffixes will be discussed the primarj' functions 

 of which are those of an imperative mode. 



Siuslaw makes a clear distinction between a true imperative, a pro- 

 hibitive, and an exhortative mode, and expresses these three varieties 

 by means of distinct formative elements. 



The difference between the ideas expressed by the imperative and 

 exhortative is one of degree rather than of contents. The imperative 

 expresses a command more or less peremptory; while the exhortative 

 conveys an admonition, a wish. Furthermore, the exhortative rarely 

 applies to the second person as the subject of the action. All exhor- 

 tative expressions are preceded by the particle qaH (see § 129) and are 

 rendered by let me, him • . . , permit me to . . . , may i . . . , etc 



§ 61. Invperative Siifflx for Intransitive Verbs -Em. 



This suffix is added to intransitive verbs only, regardless of whether 

 they express a real active idea or a mere condition. It is suffixed di- 

 rectly to the verbal stem; and when added to stems that end in a 

 vowel, the obscure e of the suffix is contracted with the vowel of the 

 stem. In such contractions the quality and quantity of the stem- vowel 

 usuall}^ predominate (see § 9). The second person singular is not ex- 

 pressed. The imperative for the second persons dual and plural is 

 obtained by suffixing to -Ein the subjective pronouns -ts and -tci re- 

 spectively (see § 24). These pronouns are added by means of a weak 

 «- vowel (see § 4). 



lit!- to eat 13.10 ll'tlEm eat! 40.26 



Icvfls- to wake up 40.9 Tcwl'sEmyfok^ up! 58.5 



waa'- to speak 7.1 wa'am speak! 



qatc^n- to go 8.2 qa'tcnEnfh go! 



ma'qil- to dance 28.7 maqlyEin dance! 



§§ 60-61 



