590 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



meaning was ded-uced mostly from the sense of the sentence in which 

 they occurred. These stems are either monos^^llabic (in which case 

 they may be enclitic or proclitic) or they consist of two or more syl- 

 lables. A limited number seems to be composed of two or more 

 originally independent particles. As a rule, particles are not capable 

 of word-formation — that is to say, they can not be amplified by means 

 of any of the grammatical processes, such as prefixation, suffixation, 

 etc. But owing to the fact that Siuslaw shows a tendency to keep 

 the verbal stem free from all subjective suffixes, these suffixes are 

 preferably added to the particles that precede the verb (see § 26). 

 Some of these particles seem to be in reality verbal stems, but do not 

 convey a clear verbal idea unless used in conjunction with a proper 

 verbal suffix (see § 135). 



In accordance with their syntactic function, the particles may be 

 conveniently subdivided into the following categories: 



(1) Pronominal particles. 



(2) Numeral particles. 



(3) Conjunctions. 



(4) Temporal particles. 



(5) Particles denoting degrees of certainty. 



(6) Particles indicating connection with previously expressed ideas. 



(7) Exhortative particles. <• 



(8) Restrictive particles. 



(9) Miscellaneous particles. 



(10) Suffixed particle -u (-«"). 



(11) The stem Lla'^'K 



§ 123. JPronotninal JP articles 



The pronominal forms treated in § 115 are used sometimes without 

 formative prefixes, and appear then like true particles. The follow- 

 ing are particularly used in this manner: 



ta'^lc this, here tE^q^ what, something 



tE this tc%7d, tci'nta^ which one, who- 



tu that ever, whatever, how much, 



ants that one how many 



watc who, some one ts'ims (reflexive) self 



qa'w^nti mutually 

 § 123 



