646 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHIiTOLOGY [bolu 40 



The consonants I and c are intimately related, and frequently re- 

 place each other, sometimes with a slight change of meaning (see § 122). 



vUca'Tliiii and veLo! rlan (^xova. vet-la'rhin^ see § 7, no. 17, p. 654), 



he stands 

 vllu^'ttim and vitu^'ttim (from stem v'du- ear) ear-bone 

 tei'wurkm he walks; lei'iourkm he wanders ai)out 

 Wlen winter; tii^'cen cold 



Initial ti is sometimes replaced by ti. 



tiLi-tto' ota >titito'ota in front of the entrance 



NoTR.^In words borrowed from the Russian, the following substi- 

 tutions occur: 



For Russian 6 (/;), Chukchee v is substituted. 

 For Russian * (_/), Chukchee p or g is substituted. 

 For Russian x, Chukchee ^or ^ is substituted. 

 For Russian c, ui (.s, sh), Chukchee t is substituted. 

 For Russian c {s)^ Chukchee t is substituted. 

 Examples: 



Chukchee Russian 



tai'van cafiSa (storehouse) 



Apo'n AtOHLKa (Athanasius) 



Qe'than cI)e4bKa (Teddy) 



ta'qar caxap-b (sugar) 



6ol coib (salt) 



tre'n'non epe^ee (middle) 



§ S. Vocalic Ablaut 



The vowels have been classified in three groups, — weak, strong, 

 and neutral. The weak ones are indicated b}- >s, the strong ones by q. 

 A word, simple or compound, must contain only strong vowels and 

 neutrals, or only weak vowels and neutrals, or only vowels of one of 

 the three classes. When, in composition, weak vowels and strong 

 vowels come together in the same word, the former are changed by 

 the ablaut into strong vowels. 



*i and i into e 

 e and a into a 



^ ^ ^ 



u into or f 



A A A 



The sound a differs in origin, therefore, from a, the latter being 

 the ablaut of e or a. This process is not confined to preceding or fol- 

 lowing vowels, but pervades the whole word. Elements containing 

 only weak vowels are combined without ablaut. The same is true of 

 elements containing either neutral vowels alone or neutral and weak 



§3. 



