684 BUEEAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY Ibull.40 



by the verbal theme which takes additional temporal and modal 

 suffixes. The end of the verbal complex is a pronominal suffix. In 

 the transitive verb, the pronominal prefix designates the subject, the 

 pronominal suffix the object. There is a strong tendency to express 

 the predicate in the form of a predicating noun analogous to a rela- 

 tive clause. For instance, instead of i kill the reindeer, the 

 Chukchee will say, the reindeer are the ones whom i killed. 

 These forms receive a treatment different from that of the true verb. 

 Stems may be developed by affixing subordinate elements. There 

 are a number of attributive elements of this class such as large, 

 SMALL, numerous. Furthermore, we find locative terms such as, 



WHAT IS ON, with, ON TOP OF, NEAR, INSIDE OF SOMETHING ELSE 



and also, what is similar to, what is used for, what is pro- 

 vided WITH SOMETHING, A RECEPTACLE FOR SOMETHING. Nominal 



forms derived from verbs are abstract nouns, results of actions, 

 instruments. The verb is developed by adverbial suffixes expressing 

 for instance, reciprocity, a desiderative, single action, intensity, 

 beginning, duration, causation, negation and also ideas like, to 

 FEEL LIKE SOMETHING or the bad temper of the speaker. Verbs 

 derived from nouns are to bring, take off, look for, consume 

 SOMETHING. Prefixes are quite numerous and are largely of an 

 attributive or adverbial character as, a little, quite, all, en- 

 tirely, MERELY, SOMEWHAT, TRULY, NOT. 



Furthermore, words may be compounded quite freely, adverbs 

 with verbs, verbal stems among themselves, nouns among them- 

 selves. Nouns are also incorporated in the verbal complex, both 

 as the subject of the intransitive verb and the object of the tran- 

 sitive verb. Such incorporated themes are used both for habitual 

 and single actions. 



§ 26. Comparison of Dialects 



The chief differences between Chakchee and Koryak lie in the lesser 

 amount of consonantic decay of stems in Koryak, the modification of 

 stems due to phonetic processes being considerably less extended in the 

 latter dialect; in the lesser extent of the occurrence of the ablaut in 

 the Koryak; and in the substitution of other consonants for the Chuk- 

 chee r, which process is more pronounced in Koryak 1 than in Kor- 

 yak II. Besides this, Koryak I is characterized by the restriction of 

 the forms of the Chukchee plural to the dual, while a distinct form 



§26 



