Bowers] HIDATSA SOCIAL AND CEREMONIAL ORGANIZATION 103 



him "brother-in-law." In either instance Old-White-Man was an 

 affinal relative. Crows Heart considered a relationship to Old-White- 

 Man through a sister "closer" than one through a wife. 



The above examples illustrate the methods of determining ex- 

 tended kin. The Hidatsa considered everyone of the tribe a relative 

 and there is evidence that the extension of the kinship system, to 

 include the Mandan through the equating of Mandan and Hidatsa 

 clans, is of recent development. One's relationship by blood and 

 Hneage is the basis from which extended kin groupings are deter- 

 mined. There are so many factors involved in the classification 

 beyond the blood relatives that no fixed rule can be made. The 

 relationship is largely determined by social participation. Although 

 the Hidatsa kinship system is not a "clan system" the importance of 

 the clan, phratry, and moiety, in regard to kinship has been indicated 

 by the foregoing discussion of the kinship extensions. Other exten- 

 sions of the kinship system are brought about by ceremonial adoption 

 and cooperation in the organized ceremonies and age-grade societies; 

 these extensions go beyond the limits of the village and tribe. The 

 general outline of social behavior prevailing between relatives was 

 the basis for socially recognized relationships with groups of extended 



kin. 



KINSHIP BEHAVIOR 



Keciprocal obligations and duties between relatives were important 

 elements in social integration. The basic relationships were those 

 existing between members of the elementary family, the household, 

 and the related households. Although the basic relationships are 

 those which apply to parents and children, because of descent and 

 residence factors, relationships of a more distant order play an im- 

 portant part among the Hidatsa. Within the elementary family 

 there are nine possible combinations of relatives or reciprocals: 

 mother-daughter; mother-son; father-son; father-daughter; husband- 

 wife; older sister-younger sister; older brother-younger brother; older 

 brother-younger sister; older sister-younger brother. 



Within the parental household groups there are also these important 

 reciprocal relations: mother's brother-sister's son and daughter; 

 father's sister-brother's son and daughter; grandfather-grandchild; 

 grandfather-daughter-in-law ; grandmother-daughter-in-law ; father- 

 in-law-son-in-law ; mother-in-law-son-in-law ; brother-in-law-brother- 

 in-law ; sister-in-law-sister-in-law ; brother-in-law-sister-in-law. 



The general pattern of behavior prevailing between these pairs of 

 relatives should throw much light on the native values ascribed to 

 the terminology and indicate the relationship of the individual to the 

 family, the household, and the other household groups comprising the 

 village unit. 



