Bowers] HIDATSA SOCIAL AND CEREMONIAL ORGANIZATION 119 



gardens. When the daughter-in-law was treated well and got along 

 with her husband's family, she gradually assumed the position of 

 "one of the family" with the arrival of children. She inherited the 

 lodge, gardens, and lodge property. After a number of years of 

 harmonious residence together, the mother-in-law would say that her 

 daughter-in-law was just like a daughter and would begin to call her 

 "daughter" and the daughter-in-law would address the mother-in-law 

 as "mother." This change in terminology was based on common 

 residence, common interests in ceremonial bundles held by her 

 husband, and lodge inheritance. There was not, however, a corres- 

 ponding change in terminology for the husband's father, brother, or 

 sister. 



Grandpathek-Grandchild ; Grandfather-Daughter-in-La w 



A child showed somewhat different attitudes and feelings toward 

 the mother's father than toward the father's father due to the inher- 

 itance of sacred bundles and rights from the latter. Residence was 

 also a factor. A child normally saw more of the mother's father, so 

 it was this relative who contributed most to his early training in 

 games and hunting. The grandfather would make toys for his grand- 

 sons and teach them games. As the children grew older he would 

 show more attention to the grandsons, instructing them in the art of 

 hunting and warfare although not actually participating in those 

 activities himself. A grandfather might mildly tease his young 

 grandchildren and they would reciprocate. With age, however, the 

 children learned to respect and fear their grandfather (particularly if 

 he was an important leader in the ceremonies) and the teasing less- 

 ened. 



A grandfather might scold one who was lazy or disrespectful and 

 might even hit one with his cane when they were residents of the 

 same lodge. The mother's father, due to his position as the ranking 

 male member of the lodge, was entitled to meat brought in by a 

 grandson married into another household merely by walking up when 

 the hunter was entering the village and saying, "We are hungry." 

 Should a child lose both parents, the maternal grandparents might 

 adopt the child, otherwise the child should be cared for by the paternal 

 grandparents. 



A woman classified as "grandfather" all those whom the husband 

 called "father" or "grandfather." The men, on the other hand, dis- 

 tinguished her from their blood relatives by classifying her as a 

 daughter-in-law. She was treated with respect, and teasing was 

 improper. She was expected to respect them in return, feed and 

 shelter them, and treat them at all times with kindness. The penal- 

 ties for those who are unkind to the husband's father are well illus- 



