THOMAS.] EARTHWORKS AT NEW ALBIN. 101 



feet liigb, composed maiuly of yellowish-brown clay, obtained, in part 

 at least, from the ditch, but that, daring occnpancy, the accumulation 

 of numerous bones of animals used for food, stone chips, river shells, 

 broken pottery, and dirt, and since abandonment the accumulation of 

 sand, drifted by the winds from the crumbling sandstone butte over- 

 looking it, liave not only filled the ditch, but elevated the whole inte- 

 rior area and the wall 2 feet or more. This accumulation of sand is so 

 great and so uniform over the adjacent plateau that fifteen years of cul- 

 tivation has not reached the clay of the original natural surface, nor 

 has it unearthed or penetrated to the bones, pottery fragments, and 

 other refuse matter covering the original surface in the circle. 



Three trenches 4 feet wide were dug through this wall from side to 

 side and down to the original soil. The first was run through the 

 northern portion opposite the large excavation. Here was found, first 

 a layer of sand about 1 foot thick; next, an accumulation of refuse 

 material mixed with earth, forming a layer from 1 to 2 feet thick; and 

 below this the original clay embankment 2 feet thick, resting on the 

 original surface. A section of the ditch, embankment, and excavation 

 at this point is shown in Fig. 48. The dotted line a b indicates the 

 natural surface; No. 1, the original day layer of the embankment or 

 wall; No. 2, the layer of earth and refuse material with which the ditch 

 is filled; and No. .3, the top layer of sand. 



In No. 2 were found charcoal, ashes, fragments of pottery, fractured 

 bones, etc. 



Trench No. 2, opened thi'ough the west side, gave a similar result. 

 No. 3, in the southern part, across the lap of the walls and entrance 

 way, varied in showing less clay and no distinct ditch. 



A broad belt of the inner area on the east side next the bluff' wall 

 was excavated and carefully examined. It was found to consist of the 

 same kind of accumulations as No. 2 in the first trench, except that 

 here the shells were more numerous and there were many burnt stones. 



SQUARK HARTHWORK. 



B, PL V, is situated at the southwest corner of the plateau, on the 

 margin of the bluff', facing west. * It consists of a wall from 12 to 15 feet 

 broad and 2 to 4 feet high, along three sides of a nearly regular par- 

 allelogram. The length of the wall ou the south is 175 feet, that on 

 the east 150, with traces of a ditch on the outside ; that on the north, 

 200 feet. 



AboutSOfeet eastof the northeast corner, which is the highest point 

 adjacent to the work, and above the inclosed area, is an excavation now 

 about 3 feet in depth. 



Within this square iuclosure are three small mounds, which were 

 opened with the following results: 



No. 1, .30 feet long by 20 wide and 4 high, was found to consist of atop 

 layer of loose sand 1 foot thick, the remainder of hard yellowish clay. 



